The ineffective police leader: Acts of commission and omission

The consequences of ineffective leaders and leadership practices, both in policing and in other occupational contexts, are well-established. Though ineffective leadership is often lamented, it has been subjected to limited scholarly inquiry. This study seeks to understand the traits and habits a group of police supervisors perceived in leaders they characterized as ineffective. Mid-career police supervisors attending the FBI National Academy completed open-ended surveys assessing their experiences with and perceptions of a variety of leadership matters. Based upon a consensus approach, the findings provide a framework to link negative leadership traits with individual and organizational outcomes. Respondents identified a number of traits and habits that were common among the ineffective police leaders participants had observed. In particular, five acts of commission (focus on self over others, ego/arrogance, closed mindedness, micromanagement, and capriciousness) and five acts of omission (poor work ethic, failure to act, ineffective communication, lack of interpersonal skills, and lack of integrity) emerged as recurrent themes in the survey responses.     

检审配合的价值基础研究

在中国，审计机关是最高行政机关国务院的下属部门，其实质上是政府的内审部门，行使的是内部监督权，而检察机关是国家的法律监督机关，其行使的更多是一种外部监督权。探讨检审合作的根本价值就在于如何实现两者的内外配合，双剑合壁在反腐败方面发挥两家监督机关的最大效力，实现双方履行职务的双赢。     

The prosecution of Chinese organized crime groups: the Sister Ping case and its lessons

This article analyzes the investigation and prosecution of contemporary Chinese criminal organizations through the study of one major human smuggling case: the trial of “Sister Ping.” Data were obtained from media reports, court documents, and from interviews with parties familiar with the case. It is argued that modern human smuggling groups such as the one run by Sister Ping are informal and decentralized organizations against which the RICO statute may be of little use.

The use of pornography during the commission of sexual offenses

The goal of this study was to examine the use of pornographic materials by sex offenders during the commission of their crimes. A sample of 561 sex offenders was examined. There were 181 offenders against children, 144 offenders against adults, 223 incest offenders, 8 exhibitionists, and 5 miscellaneous cases. All but four cases were men. A total of 96 (17%) offenders had used pornography at the time of their offenses. More offenders against children than against adults used pornography in the offenses. Of the users, 55% showed pornographic materials to their victims and 36% took pictures, mostly of child victims. Nine cases were involved in the distribution of pornography. Results showed that pornography plays only a minor role in the commission of sexual offenses, however the current findings raise a major concern that pornography use in the commission of sexual crimes primarily involved child victims.     

Trilateral commission and Latin American economic development

Conclusion Thus while the Trilateral Commission has been successful in identifying problem areas, each of the Trilateral countries has been unable to subordinate the immediate interests of its major economic components for the historic interests of the whole. While the Trilateral Commission has been successful in formulating an outlook that encompasses the major capitalist countries, that ideology has not been the operative basis of policies. While the Trilateral Commission's influence is manifest in the frequent summit meetings, the decisive decisions that shape the course of each country are taken elsewhere. Finally, and most fundamental of all, the Trilateral Commission has not been able to contain social and national revolution — to put the Third World in its place. For, above all else, the most basic challenge to Trilateralism is the emerging mass democratic social revolutions which are challenging the social relations upon which Trilateral power rests. The Trilateral adaptations to this struggle — the attempt to contain it within the framework of conservative civilian regimes (Frei in Chile, APRA in Peru, Estenssoro in Bolivia) is doomed to failure: the demands of the newly aroused mass movements far exceed the bounds compatible with these regimes. The scheme of so-called viable democracies is neither viable nor democratic — in any popular sense. The export oriented free market economies and industrialization from outside and above promoted by the Trilateralists will be the first to succumb as these popular forces move from opposition to power. Let us make no mistake, the present crisis of the Trilateral countries is just beginning.     

The criminal career: Estimates of the duration and frequency of crime commission

This paper deals with measuring two dimensions of the criminal career: residual duration and frequency. It reports results from estimating the parameters of a model in which offenders have a probability of desisting from further participation in crime following a conviction and, if they persist, a rate of crime commission. The probability of desisting and the rate of commission are seen as varying with offenders' personal characteristics and criminal records. Moreover, this paper discusses the difficulty of estimating models in which failure to commit a new crime might be attributable either to termination of the criminal career or to a censored follow-up period. The paper reports both successful and unsuccessful estimation attempts and discusses complications when distinguishing empirically between duration and frequency.     

浅析我国行纪制度的发展困境及对策

在我国《合同法》引入了类似英美的隐名代理和不公开本人身份的代理的合同委托制度后 ,作为大陆法系特有的行纪制度在发展中面临着一系列困境。本文综合相关问题出现的原因 ,提出我国行纪制度要保持独立性并获得发展 ,必须解决不同法系理念的整合问题、确定行纪与非显名代理的区分标准并且弥补现有立法的不足。随后提出了一系列对策 ,主张目前应理顺代理与行纪的关系 ,积累司法实践经验并加强商事单行法的制定工作。     

The role of stress in the commission of subsequent acts of child abuse and neglect

Data from 1874 clients, who were reported to authorities and treated for abuse and neglect, were examined to determine the role of stress in the commission of subsequent acts. Several case, client, and family characteristics were examined. It was hypothesized that the contribution of stressful events in clients' lives would have a greater effect than all other factors assessed. Results indicated that stress, while contributing to the explanation of subsequent acts of child maltreatment, explains only 9% of the variance over that already explained by other factors. In fact, stressful events, along with seriousness of initial assault, contributed significantly to the explanation of the commission of subsequent acts of child maltreatment.     

Rural and urban differences in the commission of animal cruelty

Despite the recent surge in society's interest in human violence, relatively few studies have been conducted examining the closely related phenomenon of animal cruelty. Although several researchers have begun to identify some of the correlates of animal cruelty, few have attempted to understand how differences in the backgrounds of rural and urban residents have led to their abuse of animals. Using survey data from 261 inmates, the authors investigate how demographic, familial differences and species type have contributed to the frequency of acts of animal cruelty. In general, early exposure to animal abuse is a strong predictor of the subsequent behavior. However, rural inmates learned to be cruel by watching family members exclusively, whereas urban inmates learned from family members and friends. Moreover, urban inmates chose dogs, cats, and wild animals as their target animals; however, rural inmates chose only cats.