Chapter 1

Abstract

In this paper, we review the result of research conducted in the context of a 13-year collaborative partnership between DePaul University and a community-based, self-run, residential substance abuse recovery program called Oxford House. This collaborative effort highlights several examples of the research and action activities fostering a positive alliance that benefited both the research team and the Oxford House community. It also proposed practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaboratives that may be helpful to others who desire to cultivate and maintain similar mutually beneficial partnerships; including such processes as the development of trust, respecting the personal experiences of the community members and group, commitment to serving the community, validating findings with organization members, and accountability.     

School Violence Prevention

Abstract

School violence has many faces and many casualties. In varying degrees it touches students, parents, educators and communities of every school world wide. At the local level, communities are seen as playing a significant role in violence prevention. Generally, community-based violence prevention approaches involve the assessment of local problems, identification of target issues, selection of a range of interventions, and the encouragement of collaboration among civic groups, the juvenile justice system, local leaders, and young people themselves. These programs are generally judged as successful if they are able to address risk factors effectively for individual youths, strengthen those factors that provide protection and enhance resiliency, provide sufficient support and effective supervision, and increase pro-social attitudes by providing youth with a sense of having an increased stake in their local communities. Although too few educators are aware of its impact, the women's community has been involved in this work for decades. In this paper I discuss the results of interviews with members of the women's community in Atlantic Canada who have developed proactive violence prevention initiatives. I will concentrate on their efforts to bring those programs into the schools and their experiences of the successes and challenges they encounter.     

Peer Predictability

Abstract

This action research and general system theory based qualitative inquiry examined adolescents' dependence on predicting the behavior of their peers as a strategy for enhancing their sense of safety at school and avoiding violence. A total of 95 adolescents in 9th through 12th grades from two small rural schools and one large suburban school in New York State participated in the study. Results indicated that students depend on Peer Predictability to feel safe during the school day when adults fail to predictably supervise or intervene in areas or interactions which adolescents perceive as potentially threatening. Familiarity leading to predictability allowed students to evaluate peers for the possibility of emotional or physical violence. This article presents quotes from the students that capture their unique experience.     

School Violence: The Role of Parental and Community Involvement

This study utilizes the School Survey on Crime and Safety to identify variables that predict lower levels of violence from four domains: school security, school climate, parental involvement, and community involvement. Negative binomial regression was performed and the findings indicate that statistically significant results come from all four domains. When modifying the sample to include only schools that offer some form of parental involvement opportunities, schools with greater parental volunteering and participation in subject area events experience reduced levels of violence. Implications from this analysis include developing creative methods for greater parental input in school activities.     

抢劫罪、抢夺罪若干问题研究

准抢劫罪的结构实际是一个预备性质的违法行为和抢夺行为的结合 ,而以抢劫罪的实质判断 ,其行为结构应当是具有威胁性的行为和抢夺行为的结合 ,以相当性原则衡量 ,“携带凶器”盗窃、诈骗的行为也应当以抢劫罪论处 ,但以立法价值衡量 ,准抢劫罪的规定没有必要 ;认为转化型抢劫罪的前提行为应当构成犯罪的观点 ,既不符合无罪推定原则 ,又不恰当地束缚了侦查权、检察权的行使 ,同时剥夺了被害人或第三人的绝对防卫权 ,与抢劫罪的构成要件也不相符 ;随附暴力强度较大的抢夺行为不应一律以抢夺罪论处。抢夺罪其行为表现不应以“乘人不备”和“公然”夺取为必要。     

Rapid Assessment Procedures

SUMMARY

Given the racialization of subjective, material and historical realities in South Africa, psychological training and practice in community raise crucial and often thorny ethical, epistemological and methodological questions. This article appraises the strengths and limitations of using Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) (Afonja, 1992) in the field training of postgraduate students in community-counseling psychology. Rooted in an activist participatory action research framework (Lykes, 1997), RAP provide a framework for the collective exploration of locally constructed representations of a community's needs and resources; joining the ‘community’ (negotiating a dialogical form of communication and a respect for the insider-outsider dialectic); working through one's ‘situated otherness’; and deracializing psychological training and practice.     

Life Imitates (and Informs) Meta-Analysis

SUMMARY

Mentoring programs for youth have become immensely popular in recent years. Evaluations of their effectiveness, however, have yielded mixed results. These findings underscore a need for more careful and in-depth scrutiny of programmatic features that are necessary for mentoring relationships to provide intended benefits to youth. Utilizing a novel, participatory research perspective, this paper considers the author's own experiences as a mentor of a 9-year-old boy and their relation to a set of program best practices identified in a recent meta-analysis of the literature (DuBois, Holloway, Valentine, & Cooper, in press). A framework for efforts to enhance mentoring program effectiveness is described.     

发展民族社区经济方法探索--以可邑彝族生态文化旅游村项目为例

民族社区发展是一项复杂的社会实践活动,其核心是发展.通常的发展模式往往因忽略了社区成员的切身要求、自我意识及创造潜力而收效不甚明显.因此,西部大开发背景下的云南民族社区发展期待运作方法上的创新和突破.而来自可邑彝族村旅游发展项目的实践表明借鉴国际发展机构对欠发达地区实施的较为成功的参与性发展模式,结合云南实际,特别是民族社区独有的民族文化、传统习俗、生活方式,探索民族社区目标人群自身能力发掘及建设的方法,在项目实践中将理论上的民族文化的自信心、自觉性转化为村民的自觉行为,从而有效地解决传承民族传统文化与发展经济之间的矛盾,促进民族自身经济社会的协调发展,是切实可行的.     

德里达与解构正义论

德里达在《法律暴力》文中通过对正义的解读,揭示了解构成为正义的条件,法律与正义的区别。他认为,理解正义必须与特定的文化共同体的实践相联系,没有一种超越的、普遍的正义,只有特定语境中的正义。正义是一种解构的可能性,解构就是正义。解构的正义是一种方法、一种困境体验、一种绝对他性的体验。     

对刑事拆讼证人资格的研究

随着我国审判方式的改革,证人作证的问题日益突出。虽然我国现行法律对刑事诉讼中的证人资格问题作了规定,但在司法实践中尚无统一的标准。文章就我国立法和司法实践中存在的证人资格问题进行了探讨,具体内容包括证人资格的条件、法人能否成为证人、鉴定人与证人的关系等几个方面。     

我国预算民主化建设的现状分析

预算民主原则是指国家预算权力的行使及整个预算过程要按照人民的愿望以民主的程序进行,人民及民意机关能够对其进行监督与控制。我国的预算民主最主要的体现在人民代表大会及其常务委员会通过掌握预算的审查与批准权以及预算监督权而对政府预算活动加以控制。近年来在我国部分地区出现了参与式预算的新形式,但参与式预算在我国的起步晚,其影响力还比较低。文章主要分析人民代表大会在我国预算民主化建设过程中的作用及其问题。     

Aggressive,Delinquent, and Violent Outcomes of School Bullying: Do Family and Individual Factors Have a Protective Function?

Bullying perpetration at school is a long-term predictor of aggression, delinquency, and violence. Most research concentrates on risk factors for such developments, whereas protective factors have been rarely addressed. Therefore, the present study investigates potentially protective effects of family and child characteristics in a prospective longitudinal design. The sample contained 519 youngsters (253 boys and 266 girls) from the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. Bullying perpetration was measured at age 9.0 years, mothers’ and children's reports on family and individual characteristics were collected at age 10.6, and outcomes in self-reported aggressive/violent offending and mother-reported aggressive and delinquent behavior were collected at age 13.7. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed main effects and interactions. The latter suggest buffering protective effects of consistent discipline in parenting and children's intelligence, positive attitude to school, prosocial behavior skills, low hyperactivity/inattention, and an anxious/depressive mood. The findings varied across the two outcome measures and with regard to gender. Implications for further research and prevention practice are discussed.     

群体性事件防控问题初探

群体性事件具有违法性、冲击性、危害性,其发生会对我国的政治稳定和社会和谐产生不良影响。因此, 对于我国现阶段群体性事件的研究显得十分重要。本文从分析国内、外群体性事件研究现状入手,着重对引发群体性事件的可知、可防、可控性因素的现状、特点,以及防控群体性事件的可改进、提高要素的现状、效果、改进提高方式及预期效果等的研究。其有关探讨着力体现“求真务实”精神,重点放在立足现实、提高效绩,为党委、政府决策服务上。     

The Pinjarra Massacre Site Project

SUMMARY

The work described in this article came about as a result of the author's doctoral studies. What began as a program of action research developed into concrete social action dealing with issues of social justice and reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups in a town in Australia's Southwest. The strong collaborative partnerships that developed during the research process led to employment on a project concerned with promoting the recognition of a massacre of local Indigenous people in the early days of European invasion. While a community psychologist was not necessarily the obvious person for the job, the article demonstrates how key principles of community psychology guided the project, and were in fact vital for its success.     

长三角产业结构调整中的政府作用

该文指出,长三角地区的经济发展关键在于产业结构调整,这一调整能否顺利完成,与政府作用的发挥密切相关,作者就此从三个方面提出对策建议。     

行政公益诉讼笔谈（下）——行政公益诉讼的原告资格

《行政诉讼法》的修改已经提上议事日程,行政公益诉讼何去何从,已经到了无法回避的地步。近年来,围绕行政公益诉讼问题可谓是观点纷呈。热吹捧者有之,冷思考者有之,反对者也不乏。为使我国行政公益诉讼制度的最终确立有一个坚实的理论基础．尚有大量的问题需要进一步探讨。这里发表的一组笔谈是黄学贤教授主持的司法部项目《行政公益诉讼研究》（06SFB5007）的阶段性成果,本刊分上、下两部分刊登。由于是笔谈,课题组成员（黄学贤教授的几位研究生：唐小娟、杨新登、李晓玲等）观点不强求一致,其宗旨是为《行政诉讼法》的修改提供一孔之见。     

Swedish 10-Year-Old Children's Perceptions and Experiences of Bullying

Abstract

The main aim of the present study was to describe children's perceptions and experiences of bullying: the way they define it, their thoughts about why children are bullied and their experiences of the way adults respond to bullying. The study group comprised 960 children in the fourth grade. The most frequent answers concerning why some children get bullied were that these children have a different appearance (43%) or that they are deviating in other ways than by appearance (31%). Two groups of bullied children seem to be of special concern; the children who do not tell adults about their situation (9% of the bullied children) and the children who do not perceive that they have received help from adults at school (24% of bullied children). The children's perceptions and experiences are discussed in relation to interventions in Swedish schools.     

Consumers as Collaborators in Research and Action

SUMMARY

This paper discusses the role of consumers as collaborators in disability research conducted in the community. A comprehensive model of participatory action research is described and illustrated with research and training projects conducted in a collaborative arrangement between researchers and a Consumer Empowered Team. The paper describes how adherence to the model could be conducted in actual research and training settings and produce outcomes valued by the consumers at whom the interventions were targeted. The advantages and caveats to using the consumer as collaborator approach are discussed.