判别函数在同胞鉴定中的应用

目的探讨判别函数法在全同胞与半同胞鉴定中的应用价值。方法根据360对全同胞、90对半同胞及360对无关个体的15个STR基因座分型结果,计算全不同(X0)、半相同(X1)和完全相同(X2)的基因座数目,分别根据DFS1=3.898X0+3.973X1-19.481,DHS1=5.687X0+5.300X1-35.112及DR1=7.309X0+5.533X1-44.941的全同胞/半同胞/无关个体判别函数、DFS2=3.872X0+3.931X1-18.895及DR2=7.303X0+5.473X1-44.298全同胞/无关个体判别函数和DHS3=10.227X0+10.436X1-66.102及DR3=11.863X0+11.089X1-79.494半同胞/无关个体判别函数进行判别。结果判别准确率:①用全同胞/半同胞/无关个体判别函数,全同胞组为83.61%,半同胞组为81.11%,无关个体组为83.06%;②用全同胞/无关个体判别函数,全同胞组为96.39%,无关个体组为98.61%;③用半同胞/无关个体判别函数,半同胞组为88.89%,无关个体组为85.00%。结论本文3种判别函数可应用于同胞鉴定,尤其运用全同胞/无关个体判别函数判断同胞关系准确率高,有较高的应用价值。     

两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析

目的采用家系重建法进行两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析。方法根据似然比的概念建立两个已知全同胞参与的全同胞鉴定和半同胞鉴定的假设检验,按照孟德尔遗传规律进行家系重建,推导两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的全同胞指数(FSI)和半同胞指数(HSI))的计算公式,并通过实际案件进行验证。结果推算得到59种两个已知全同胞参与鉴定的三个体基因分型组合的FSI计算公式及91种HSI计算公式,实际案例的应用显示与两个体同胞鉴定相比,亲缘关系指数显著提高。结论本研究推导的两个已知全同胞参与的同胞鉴定分析方法能充分利用可参考样本的遗传信息,提高亲缘鉴定的检测效能,具有很好的实用价值。     

A Windows-based software for common paternity and sibling analyses

A new Windows-based freeware for kinship analysis from DNA data is presented. This software can be used to calculate likelihood ratios and probabilities of paternity in trio and motherless cases, as well as in cases when a parent is lacking but there are data from the grandparents. It can also be used to compute the probability of two subjects being full-brothers or half-brothers.     

51个常染色体STR基因座在ITO法判断全同胞中的应用

目的探讨ITO法和判别函数法在全同胞鉴定中的应用价值。方法根据342对全同胞和3 900对无关个体的19、21、39、51个常染色STR基因座的分型结果,采用ITO法计算全同胞关系指数(FSI)。用SPSS软件Fisher判别分析法,分别建立lg FSI全同胞-无关个体的判别函数。结果每组全同胞对和无关个体对的lg FSI符合正态分布,具有显著性差异。在19、21、39、51个STR基因座,全同胞组判别函数分别为L同胞=1.666 6×lg FSI-5.208 0,L同胞=1.643 9×lg FSI-5.512 0,L同胞=1.569 4×lg FSI-8.076 4,L同胞=1.480 7×lg FSI-9.860 9;无关个体组分别为L无关=-1.346 1×lg FSI-3.638 5,L无关=-1.330 9×lg FSI-3.851 7,L无关=-1.319 2×lg FSI-5.910 2,L无关=-1.273 8×lg FSI-7.477 6。平均错判率分别为:1.361 9%、1.228 5%、0.438 6%和0.146 2%。结论 ITO判别函数法在全同胞-无关个体鉴定中具有很高的应用价值,且检测基因座越多,系统效能越高,并能降低错判风险。     

A push or a punch: distinguishing the severity of sibling violence

Sibling violence is the most prevalent and least studied form of family violence, and little research has examined differences based on severity. This research examines more severe versus less severe forms of sibling violence. Using a subsample of married couples with two or more children ages 0 to 17 drawn from the 1976 National Survey of Physical Violence in American Families, the authors employ Conflict Tactics Scale items for child-to-child conflict to construct a measure of sibling violence severity. Drawing from several theoretical perspectives on family violence and peer aggression, the authors analyze the impact of macro-system variables, family stress and resources, and family subsystems on less severe and more severe sibling violence. Contextual factors are most important in explaining less severe sibling violence. Experience of parental violence and unpredictability are individual factors relevant to severe sibling violence. More research is needed to examine the etiology and impact of different forms of sibling violence.     

采用Identifiler系统进行全同胞关系判定的准则探讨

目的 探讨采用Identifiler系统进行全同胞关系判定时共有等位基因数(IAN)和全相同基因座数(A2)的标准.方法 依据IAN和A2的有限分布,将IAN的31种取值代入已建立的判别函数,获得判定全同胞时IAN和A2的阈值,据此确定4种标准,对经Identifiler系统分型的280对全同胞和2003对无关个体对进...     

Adult violence with the mother and sibling as predictors of partner violence

The present study provides the first available evaluation of how violence with the mother and siblings during adulthood is associated with the occurrence of partner violence in young adults. Because a pattern of reciprocal partner violence is well documented, the authors hypothesized that reciprocal violence would also be found for adults and their mothers and for adults and their siblings. The authors also hypothesized that reciprocal violence with the mother and sisters would explain variance in partner violence even when controlling for other known predictors (poverty, poor family support, stress, anger, low self-esteem). Study participants included 377 college adults (114 men, 263 women; mean age = 24.4 years) who completed questionnaires to report their present violence to and from their mothers, sisters, brothers, and romantic partners. Violence is measured with a modified Conflict Tactics Scale. No sibling gender differences are found in violence reported as adults. Factor analysis confirms good fit for three clusters of reciprocal violence for adults: violence with the mother, violence with siblings, violence with the romantic partner. Violence with the mother and siblings significantly explains variance in partner violence even after controlling for other contextual variables, but only for women. One interpretation of present results is that because women receive less socialization than men to use violence, these two within-family models of violence have more significance for increasing their risk of partner violence. Partner violence prevention programs could include participation of mothers and siblings to enhance development of more peaceful conflict resolution patterns within and outside the family.     

Use of sibling pairs to determine the familial searching efficiency of forensic databases

Pairs of individuals tested at the 13 CODIS core STR loci to determine sibship were used as a source of familial data that was seeded into a larger data set of 12,000 plus DNA profiles simulating a CODIS-like offender database. To determine whether known sibs could be found in the larger database two methods were used: degree of allele sharing and a kinship matching approach. The allele sharing method detected 62 of 109 of the known sib pairs (57%) while kinship matching detected 90 of the sib pairs (83%). Although kinship matching was the more efficient method of the two, the number of false positives generated prior to finding a true match was inversely related to the likelihood of sibship suggesting that many true siblings would not be easily found in a large forensic database via familial searching techniques.     

Gender comparisons in the relationship between parental and sibling violence and nonfamily violence

This paper addresses two neglected areas in the research on the relationship between family violence and violence outside the home: violence other than parent-child abuse and the effect of gender. Specifically, we consider both parental and sibling violence as independent variables, nonfamily violence as the dependent variable, and gender as the specification variable. The data were collected from a sample of 306 students in Introductory Sociology and Social Problems classes. The finding of particular importance is that the interaction between the gender of both the aggressor and the victim has a significant effect on the relationship between violence within the home and nonfamily violence.     

Scale of negative family interactions: a measure of parental and sibling aggression

This article examines a measure of received emotional, physical, and sexual aggression within the family: the Scale of Negative Family Interactions (SNFI). Unlike traditional familial violence scales that measure parental aggression alone, the SNFI simultaneously measures sibling violence for a more comprehensive examination of familial aggression. Although a variety of scales may be used in researching parental abuse, the SNFI is uniquely intended for (a) examining sibling violence while controlling for parental aggression, (b) examining parental abuse while controlling for sibling violence, and (c) comprehensively examining family violence to include aggression from both parents and siblings. Test-retest and internal consistency reliability were demonstrated, and evidence for validity is presented. In addition to offering a measure of sibling and parental aggression, the SNFI has the advantages of including everyone in the role of parent or sibling and of measuring a wide variety of emotional, physical, and sexual aggression within the family.     

多种遗传标记在同母异父半同胞关系鉴定中的综合应用

目的通过对常染色体和X染色体STR基因座以及线粒体DNA高变区多态性的检验,探讨同母异父半同胞关系鉴定策略。方法提取3名全同胞及其1名疑似同母异父半同胞个体的DNA,采用SinofilerTM试剂盒检测常染色体上的15个STR基因座、采用Mentype Argus X-8试剂盒和自主研制的16重X染色体STR扩增体系,共检验X染色体上的19个STR基因座,同时采用基因测序技术分析线粒体DNA高变区Ⅰ和高变区Ⅱ的多态性。结果依据常染色体STR基因型结果及全同胞指数和半同胞指数计算结果排除可疑个体与已知3名全同胞间存在全同胞关系,线粒体DNA高变区多态性检测结果提示4名被鉴定人为同一母系,X染色体STR分型结果支持被鉴定个体间为半同胞关系。结论对于同母异父半同胞鉴定案例,综合运用常染色体STR、X染色体STR及线粒体DNA高变区测序等多种遗传分析手段,可获得可靠的鉴定结论。