试论欧洲刑法的现状和欧盟刑法的前景

欧洲刑法是一个新的领域。即使在欧洲国家,虽然“欧洲刑法”一词的提出有几十年了,但比较全面的研究也是最近几年的事情。欧洲刑法是一个充满了活力和变化的领域,多年以来,不但在有关法律规范的制定和所办理的案件的数量上不断增加,而且在法律规则发展的性质上都在或多或少地进行着演变,而以近来欧洲共同刑法的研究和推动活动以及欧盟制宪所带来的变化更为引人瞩目。限于篇幅,本文仅拟对欧洲刑法的现状和欧盟刑法可能的发展前景做简略的述评,并尝试提出欧洲刑法对我国的几点启示。     

刑法类型化概念与法治国原则之哲理——兼论开放的构成要件之存在根据

一、问题的提出 犯罪是符合刑法中所规定的构成要件的行为。国家从大量的反社会行为中抽出一部分危害性严重的，作为法律上的犯罪类型加以规定成为当罚的行为，这种法律上的类型就是构成要件。因此，一般认为，构成要件就是指刑罚法规所规定的犯罪类型。构成要件作为刑法类型化概念与法治国的基本原则——罪刑法定主义之间，是唇齿相依的关系。罪刑法定主义是构成要件产生的思想基础，构成要件则是贯彻罪刑法定主义的基础性工程和体现。有什么样的罪刑法定主义，就有什么样的构成要件类型。...     

论"法外侦查"制度

我国法定侦查制度与法外侦查制度并行,侦查法治主义的大趋势与法外侦查合理主义的潜流共存。"法外侦查"制度,即侦查法律之外,有侦查政策与制度,有侦查主体、侦查程序、侦查手段、侦查目的,法外侦查侵权不负法律责任。"法外侦查"制度存在"相对合理性",但是,它毕竟与侦查法治主义及其发展趋势格格不入,弊害越来越多、越来越深,必须革除。     

Punitive Damages: A European Criminal Law Approach. State Sanctions and the System of Guarantees

It has traditionally been upheld that punitive damages are incompatible with the Constitutions of civil law countries. This paper sustains the opposing thesis and argues their compatibility, of a general nature, with the basic principles of continental European States, and especially with the principles of legality, proportionality and non bis in idem. This opens the way to the enforcement, in Europe, of sentences delivered in the United States of America. However, despite this starting point, the advisability of exporting the model of punitive damages is rejected. The theme is expanded to argue the equivalent nature of the guarantees and limits of all sanctioning activity of the State and those already established in Criminal Law. This would encompass punitive damages and all types of civil sanctions.     

European Criminal Law: Administrative and Criminal Sanctions as Means of Enforcing Community Law

Professor Lahti concludes his article by pointing to the limits andweaknesses of a European criminal policy, especially measured by the criteriaof coherence and rationality. European criminal policy is incoherent, indeed,as it is not based on a sound concept of criminal law, but is rather the resultof an ad hoc evolution guided by the strive for effectiveness of Communitylaw.     

European Law and International Regimes: The Features of Law Beyond the Nation State

Different forms of law are perceived of as possessing differing degrees of legal quality. A quality continuum suggests itself, running from 'high quality' national law, through to 'lesser quality' European law and to 'low quality' international law. This article seeks to explain the perceived differences in the quality of these laws with reference to legal theoretical perceptions of what it is that constitutes the law's quality. It argues that only a theory of law which identifies the core of the law's integrity as lying in its ability to act as a fulcrum between spheres of social and public discourse and the exercise of power can fully explain the divergence in legal quality between national, European and international law. With specific regard to the quality of European law, it concludes by arguing that it is weakened by its relative lack of social internalisation—in comparison with a higher degree of legal and political internalisation—within the European public.     

The European Redistributive State and a European Law of Struggle

Its more central involvement in the government of economic and fiscal policy requires a new public law for the EU. This must be alive to the positive, negative and intractable qualities of conflicts associated with these fields. Such a law would internalise conflicts within the political process so that their irresolution and ongoing struggle become the dynamo endowing the Union with qualities of political engagement, imagination and justice. The recent reforms make mediation of conflicts a central mission of the Union but still use the public law structures of the regulatory state which lack these three qualities.     

Deficiencies in the Development of European Criminal Law

Criminal law is beginning to outgrow the shoes which were fitted to it by European law. It is seeking to come of age, to play the role in European law previously reserved to commercial law, private law, employment law, and public law in the broadest sense. Economic knowledge and legal-political organisational interests have long grouped around 'European criminal law'; a still vaguely determined object. A desire also exists to make criminal law justiciable in Europe. Thus, the ranks of the contributions to European criminal law are swelling, European associations of lawyers are developing, legal practitioners are launching appeals3 and winning influence within European institutions. These institutions themselves are beginning to accept and to use criminal law as a political option. This article aims to (I) reflect upon the contents of this development, (II) to clarify their tendencies, and (III) to examine the contents of these premised tendencies, in order to (IV) furnish a critical evaluation.     

欧盟刑事法的最新发展及其启示

欧盟刑事法是一个崭新的领域,它的发展令人瞩目,它带来的问题非常值得研究,它给我们带来的启示也非同小可.我国当前面临着严峻的跨国、跨地区有组织犯罪的挑战,通过欧盟近年来刑事法领域的发展、立法增加的原因和依据、前景的探讨,从中吸取经验教训,其理论与实践意义,对欧盟和我国"两岸四地"的刑事法合作都是不言自明的.     

The State of Gender Equality Law in the European Union

Abstract:  This article assesses critically the recent law and policy initiatives in European Union gender equality. As a fundamental right, the principle of gender equality is to apply in all areas of EU law. Its scope has been extended to the access to and supply of goods and services and, according to the European Court of Justice, to the Third Pillar. Despite efforts to render the principle visible and accessible, a number of provisions remain unclear and contradictory. The contribution of external actors in this field is set to help safeguarding and enhancing the Community gender equality acquis .     

The Responsible Subject As Citizen: Criminal Law, Democracy And The Welfare State

This paper seeks to explain two problems posed by the history of criminal law doctrine by situating them in the context of the political sociology of citizenship. First, the paper outlines the logical connection between the rise to doctrinal orthodoxy of the idea of the responsible subject and the contemporaneous emergence of universal political citizenship. Secondly, it argues that subjectivist orthodoxy in doctrine may be reconciled with the apparently antithetical forms of regulatory strict liability law within the terms of 'modern democratic citizenship' as the latter were conceptualised by T. H. Marshall. Finally, by means of a comparison with Alan Brudner's recent philosophical rationalisation of the modern criminal law, it proposes that situating the criminal law in its environment of citizenship will help us to understand better the tensions that underlie contemporary challenges to its doctrine.     

Criminal Law,Parental Authority,and the State

In the recently published collection, Criminal Law and the Authority of the State, two contributions allude to an analogy with parental authority as a means to a better understanding of the institution of criminal punishment, but reach different conclusions. Malcolm Thorburn uses the parental authority analogy to justify the institution of state punishment as an assertion of robust authority over offenders. Antje du Bois-Pedain uses the same analogy to advocate the idea of punishment as an inclusionary practice, designed to reintegrate offenders into society. I argue that Thorburn’s theory of robust authority is inconsistent if not self-contradictory when it tries to assume a liberal posture, and that du Bois-Pedain’s reintegrative model provides a better account of the justification and objectives of state punishment.     

International Criminal Law vs State Sovereignty: Another Round?

This is a review of five recent works which deal with internationalcriminal law. By an analysis of those works, the essay querieswhether the relationship between international criminal lawand state sovereignty is always accurately conceptualized. Internationalcriminal lawyers often see sovereignty as the enemy of internationalcriminal law, though frequently failing to discuss in any depththe nature and malleability of sovereignty. Although internationalcriminal law does involve some challenges to sovereignty, italso needs, and in some ways empowers, that sovereignty too.The works under review tend to pay less attention to the substantiveaspects of international criminal law than its institutionalpart. This is unfortunate, as some of the most interesting interactionsbetween international criminal law and sovereignty occur atthis level. The essay finishes with some broader reflectionson how the works under review conceptualize the internationallegal order, regrets the absence at times of engagement withrelevant constructivist scholarship but notes that the answerto the question of the precise relationship between internationalcriminal law and sovereignty is unlikely to be agreed upon soon.     

论欧盟法在成员国的适用

欧盟法主要由欧盟与成员国签订的基础性条约、欧盟与第三国或国际组织签订的条约和欧盟通过的条例、指令和决定组成。在欧盟内部,欧盟法可以直接适用,具有直接效力,并处于优先地位。欧盟法与成员国法的关系既不同于国际法和国内法关系,也不同于联邦法与成员邦法的关系。欧盟成员国各自适用欧盟法的实践,反映了欧盟法独特的适用方式,表明国际法日益得到普遍的尊重与遵守,主权国家自觉灵活适用国际法以维护国家利益,国际组织在国际法国内适用方面发挥重要作用。这是对现代国际法的丰富与发展。     

Entrapment between Two Pillars: The European Court of Justice Rulings in Criminal Law

Abstract:  This article deals with the possibility of adopting criminal law provisions on a first pillar legal basis. The analysis focuses on two decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) dealing with the matter, with specific emphasis on the second one. The main problems debated are the legality principle, the implicit competence of the Community legislator, the criteria for establishing when there is a need for adopting criminal law provisions on an EC legal basis and the scope and depth of this competence. Comparing the arguments of the Advocate General with the ECJ's approach to the matter, the author tries to establish whether the right decision has been adopted and what the solutions for the future are.     

The State of the International Criminal Court,of Special Tribunals and of International Criminal Law: A Concise Review

International criminal law has changed rather dramatically in the last three decades. Whereas in the early 1990s the field was an almost exotic specialization of penal law, it has now developed into a thriving part of the law. Nowadays, most law schools have specialists in international criminal law which has usually developed into an important field of research. An important factor in this development has been the performance of three Special Criminal Tribunals established by the United Nations Security Council. In this article their institutional record as well as their importance for the development of international criminal law will be reviewed. In both senses, on the basis of a necessarily concise review, it is submitted that the performance of the tribunals must be considered a success. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is already twenty years in existence. Its performance cannot be judged equally successfully, however. In particular as an institution it cannot point to records comparable to those of the Special Criminal Tribunals. Still, although it is undoubtedly fragile, the ICC has become a relevant feature of modern international law and in international relations (as a brief examination of its potential role regarding the Special Military Operation in Ukraine shows). Notwithstanding its institutional weaknesses, the importance of the ICC manifests itself in its Statute which can be seen as a codification of international criminal law. The strong increase in the domestic administration of international crimes as a consequence of the principle of the complementarity of the Statute is taken into consideration.

     

刑法学者的使命与刑法学的深度展开——评陈兴良、周光权教授的《刑法学的现代展开》

就目前而言,中国刑法学的表面繁荣的背后暴露出理论创新的贫乏与回应实践问题乏力的危机。所以刑法学人的首要任务,就是建立刑法学科的属于自己“专业槽”,刑法学只有成为“最精确的法律科学”,①才能有自己的核心技术与工艺流程的“专业槽”,只有最精确的刑法学,才能最精当地解决实践中棘手的刑法问题。陈兴良教授和周光权教授合作完成的《刑法学的现代展开》一书正是对此的回应。作者站在时代与学科的前沿,多维度立体式展示了两代刑法学人对超规范的刑法学的基础命题、规范刑法学的前沿问题与实践课题的最新思考,展示了理论“突围”与专业槽建设的努力。突出展示了罪刑法定原则视角转换、死刑问题的观念引领、刑事政策的深刻洞见等内容。全书“充满了人文气息及高度学术性”,是践行刑法学者使命,体现刑法学创新与突围的一部力作。     

论刑法学方法对刑事立法与司法的意义

在刑事法治系统中,立法与司法是两个非常重要的子系统。研究刑法学方法,①对于这两个子系统的良性运转,进而促进刑事法治系统的良性运转,具有重要意义。一立法完善,对于中国刑事法治而言,是一项重要的制度建设工作。二十世纪八十年代以来的刑事立法,始终贯穿着这一主题。(一)立法完善的含义与意义完善之意,指(使之)完备美好。②立法完善,即通过立法程序使法律、法规进一步完备的过程与结果。刑法的立法完善亦然。废除、修改非正当、不合理的规定,增补与社会现实相适应的内容,是刑法立法完善工作的基本方式。制定立法解释,是刑法立法完善工作…