论气候变化对人权国际保护的影响

气候变化与人权国际保护都是当代国际法的热点问题,全球性、长期性与政治性是二者的共同特征。气候变化对人类社会和自然界的影响是多层次的,而它对人权国际保护的影响涉及国家安全、人道主义问题、发展权、健康权以及国际关系的调整等各个方面。中国作为全球温室气体排放大国,应转变观念,从战略高度重视气候变化问题;同时,还要加强国际合作,重视应对气候变化中的发展权,并加强与气候变化有关的法制建设。     

Government(ality) by Experts: Human Rights as Governance

The suggestion that the general economy of power in our societies is becoming a domain of security was made by Michel Foucault in the late 1970s. This paper takes inspiration from Foucault’s work to interpret human rights as technologies of governmentality, which make possible the safe and secure society. I examine, by way of illustration, the site of the European Union and its use of new modes of governance to regulate rights discourse—in particular via the emergence of a new Fundamental Rights Agency. ‘Governance’ in the EU is constructed in an apolitical way, as a departure from traditional legal and juridical methods of governing. I argue, however, that the features of governance represent technologies of government(ality), a new form of both being governed through rights and of governing rights. The governance feature that this article is most interested in is experts. The article aims to show, first and foremost, how rights operate as technologies of governmentality via a new relation to expertise. Second, it considers the significant implications that this reading of rights has for rights as a regulatory and normalising discourse. Finally, it highlights how the overlap between rights and governance discourses can be problematic because (as the EU model illustrates) governance conceals the power relations of governmentality, allowing, for instance, the unproblematic representation of the EU as an international human rights actor.     

Guantánamo Bay: Towards Legality?

This article outlines the US Supreme Court's approach to the habeas corpus entitlements of suspected terrorists detained in Guantánamo Bay and argues for the extension of constitutional habeas corpus rights to them. The article considers two ways in which the Supreme Court might carry out this task: first, 'the territorial approach' (based on domestic legal principles of 'unincorporated territories' and principles of leasehold), and secondly, 'the extraterritorial approach' (based on international purposive approaches to the reach of human rights treaties exemplified by the European Court of Human Rights' Article 1 jurisprudence). For reasons of effectiveness of protection, the Article expresses a clear preference for the latter. The House of Lords decision in R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence (2007) is proposed as a template for such a development. Finally the article refutes arguments rejecting such a development based on the 'trade-off thesis' and perceptions of judicial competence.     

区域性人权保护制度与国际人权保护制度之比较

区域性人权公约与全球性国际人权公约都规定了国家指控制度、个人申诉制度以及国家报告制度。与全球性国际人权保护制度相比,区域性人权保护制度更具可行性。由于区域内各国历史传统、政治、经济、文化、宗教等都比较接近,区域内人权标准更统一,所保护的权利主体也更具体,区域性人权保护制度在人权保护中取得了显著成绩。尤其是个人申诉制度,丰富了国际法与国际人权法的主体体系,对人权的国际保护产生了重大影响。     

Repositioning the international human rights protection system: the UN Human Rights Council

The creation of a UN human rights mechanism was meant to address systematically the international protection and promotion of human rights within the context of international relations. Over the years, the Human Rights Commission has dealt with human rights issues in ways which some commentators have labelled unsatisfactory. The United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, set up by Kofi Anna to conduct an in‐depth study on global threats, and provide an analysis of future challenges to peace and security, recommended a review of HR mechanisms. This led to the establishment of the Human Rights Council, replacing the Human Rights Commission. One of the mechanisms introduced was the Universal Periodic Review of Human Rights. This article looks at how the UPR process has progressed so far and makes some assessment as to where it is heading.     

The Human Rights Clause in the European Union's External Trade and Development Agreements

Abstract: Since 1992, the European Union (EU) has included in all its agreements with third countries a clause defining respect for human rights and democracy as an ‘essential element’ of its external relationship. A Council decision of May 1995 spells out the basic modalities of this clause, with the aim of ensuring consistency in the text used and its application. The human rights clause is unique to the EU's bilateral agreements, and now applies to over 120 countries. It represents a new model for EU external relations as well as for international cooperation. The EU plays a leading role in the WTO and international economic relations. The human rights clause will have implications for the development of international rules concerning trade‐related human rights policy.     

公私领域划分与国际法中的性别歧视

国际法通过公私领域的划分确定其管辖范围,并避免干涉主权国家的内政。女性主义者指出,这种划分包含着对女性的规范性歧视和结构性歧视。国际法的基本术语如国家、主权等,排除了国际法对国内违反人权事项的管辖,维护了男性在国内的特权地位。在国际人权法领域,在确定是否给予女性以人权保护时,也是以维护男性利益为出发点。女性主义方法揭示了国际法中存在的性别歧视,但该方法也存在许多问题,需要加以注意。     

关于保护儿童的欧洲标准

保护儿童是当今世界人权保护的重要内容.欧洲是世界上社会经济法治最发达的地区,保护儿童的欧洲标准在世界人权保护范围内具有很高的影响力.欧洲理事会所颁布的法律标准,覆盖面广,针对性强,比较完整地确立了儿童保护的欧洲标准.欧洲保护儿童的基本政策,是以八项一般原则与四项实施原则为基础,确立了儿童友好型的国家制度和国际合作以及法律保护的机制.因此,研究保护儿童的欧洲标准对于提高与确立我国保护儿童的标准,以及促进我国法治的进步都具有重要意义.     

从西方人权话语拓展看中国人权话语的国际化

西方人权话语拓展的主要方式是软渗透和硬介入。软渗透表现为通过西方人权"区域理念--区域规则--国际规则--国内规则"的规范扩散,推动非西方国家接受由西方主导建构起来的国际人权规范体系,形成对西方人权话语的法律确信,最终实现"西方人权国际化"和"国际人权国内化"。硬介入表现为通过政治、军事、经济、外交等方式强行推动非西方国家接受西方人权话语并将之纳入国内法律秩序,加速了西方人权国际化。西方人权话语拓展引起"它变"和"自变"效果。一方面,面对软渗透和硬介入,非西方国家或者被动接受,或者借助条约批准、保留等国际法手段予以选择性认同或变通,甚至提出竞争性替代话语加以对冲。另一方面,西方人权话语也在内外因素下不断自我调适,逐步提升可接受性。中国对外拓展人权话语,应充分利用"百年未有之大变局"带来的战略机遇期,借助政治、经济、文化等多种途径,加速国际人权话语格局的变革;尽快形成以发展主义权利观为核心的人权话语体系,并通过对话来增进中国人权话语的价值共识;坚持发挥规范性力量的作用,学会利用国际法律机制,着力提升在国际人权体系内将中国理念和话语转化为国际规则以及保障国际规则被遵守的制度能力。     

艾滋病防治的世界性法律行动与中国的法律实践

面对艾滋病对社会经济的巨大影响,国际社会和各个国家纷纷通过立法来找寻艾滋病防治的有效路径。近年来的相关研究业已表明,人权保护乃是艾滋病防治工作和艾滋病立法的重要内容。20多年来世界性艾滋病立法行动对人权保护给予了足够的重视。同时,在国际社会的指引下,中国的艾滋病防治立法中也有了更多人权保护的规定。     

论欧洲理事会的人权保护制度对建立和完善国际人权保护制度的影响

欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响 :区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径 ;国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性 ;主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利 ;人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识 ;国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。随着欧洲理事会的人权保护制度的不断完善 ,它在人权国际保护中的“领跑者”的形象和影响将得以继续显现。     

邓小平国际法思想研究

邓小平先生针对国际形势提出了若干自己的独到见解,从国际法的角度来讲主要涉及以下方面:在主权与人权以及改革开放中多次强调国家主权的第一位作用;提出以和平共处五项原则作为建立新的国际政治经济新秩序的准则;创造性地提出了以和平方式解决国际争端的具体途径和办法;结合中国的实际情况对国际人权法中的平等权、发展权、和平权以及个人人权与集体人权的关系进行了阐述。     

论数据使用保护的国际知识产权制度

商业组织在全球范围内使用数据获得法律保护是数据经济进一步发展的基石。对数据使用的知识产权保护意味着保护“数据”的各种外在呈现形式,尤其是数据集合。数据经营者对数据经济的贡献、数据主权和数字人权带来的现实障碍提出了迫切要求。以德国、美国和日本为代表的主要国家对数据使用保护进行的知识产权立法为数据跨境流动相关制度研究提供了基础。世界贸易组织、世界知识产权组织以及欧盟对数据使用提供了现实保护,但是现有国际法律制度无法对大量存在的非独创性数据集合提供充分保护。其原因包括各国发展水平不一致、数据主权和个人数据保护受到更多关注、国际法碎片化发展趋势等。对此,应在数据相关制度和实践中坚持促进数据使用为指导原则;在TRIPs体系内构建非独创性数据集合制度,该制度在保护数据集合专有权的同时应注重平衡个人数据保护、数据主权和公众信息获取权。立足中国参与全球数据治理现状,中国应在著作权法体系下构建非独创性数据集合有限排他权,并完善相关立法和实施以促进跨境数据流动。     

环境权与宪法--从人权保障的观点谈环境权的宪法意涵

试图以宪法学上的基本理论,尤其是有关人权保障的理论为基础,尝试探讨与厘清环境保护与人权保障之间的关系.在内容上首先从宪法释义学的角度,分析环境保护与人权保障体系之间的关系;其次尝试阐明"环境基本权"的意义与可能内涵,为环境与人权的连结提供思考的方向.再者,从国际人权的发展,论述国际人权与环境保护之间的关连性.     

Research ethics across the 49th parallel: the potential value of pilot testing "equivalent protections" in Canadian research institutions

Canada and the United States share the world's largest trade partnership and an increasing concern about divergent regulatory approaches to common industries. Canadian research institutes receive more research funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health than any other country, much of it to fund multi-centre and collaborative research between the two countries. Because of these close economic and research ties, and the extensive similarities between the two countries in the review and oversight of ethics in human subjects research, we propose that Canada would be an ideal country for a pilot-test of the feasibility of "equivalent protections," a U.S. regulation that permits comparison of protections for human subjects between institutions in the two countries. The "equivalent protections" has been advocated by various bodies in the United States as a potentially beneficial mechanism for improving oversight of foreign trials. As well, we argue that "equivalent protections" could prove to be valuable for Canada in five specific ways: (1) by potentially reducing administrative burden on Canadian research institutions administering U.S. federal research funding; (2) by creating symbolic value of an explicit recognition by the United States that procedures normally followed for the protection of human subjects in Canadian research institutions are at least equivalent to those provided by the U.S. regulations; (3) by lowering the opportunity cost of investing in research in Canada; (4) by affording Canada an opportunity to enhance its leadership role in international research by offering an alternative to the U.S. regulatory model for the protection of human subjects; and (5) by providing a model for how the idea of equivalent protections might be addressed for research funded by Canadian agencies but conducted in other countries.     

论促进和保护受教育权的国际标准

从现有国际人权法渊源中确立促进和保护受教育权的国际标准可谓构成国际人权法的新发展 ,而从国际人权上对受教育权作出识别是确定上述标准的前提。本文根据有关受教育权的主要国际文件的统一化进程并结合国际社会的实践将受教育权归类为基本教育权、初等教育权、中等教育权、高等教育权和教育选择权 ,并依据一系列国际文件对世界各国促进和保护受教育权的义务性安排建立起国际社会促进和保护各类受教育权的国际标准模型 ,同时揭示了上述国际标准模型在适用过程中的特性。     

知识产权与人权:后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护

TRIPS的产生,在促进知识产权国际保护发展的同时,也被认为造成了知识产权制度与国际人权法之间的冲突。从立法宗旨上讲,不管对知识产权采用什么样的措辞,知识产权保护应与维护人类尊严和实现其他人权相一致。所以,我们必须开展有关研究工作,探寻如何在包括TRIPS在内的国际条约框架下,协调好知识产权与人权之间的关系;具体说来,知识产权国际保护制度必须以国际人权公约的价值取向为指导,在保护作者精神权、隐私权、公共健康与环境等方面进行制度改革。     

财产性收入与我国《物权法》的完善——一种法律经济分析的思路

随着市场经济的发展和金融市场的日益健全,财产性收入逐渐成为居民收入的重要组成部分。法律应当为财产性收入的取得创造制度条件。《物权法》作为调整财产关系的一项基本法律,与经济发展密切相关。增加群众的财产性收入,意味着我国经济社会发展中的财富观念和财富创造方式的变革,《物权法》对此应当有所反映并做出必要调整。运用法律经济分析的思路,揭示财产性收入和物权法之间的关系,提出完善我国《物权法》的建议。     

知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展

知识产权国际保护制度是当代国际经济、文化、科技贸易领域中的一种法律秩序。国际保护标准在缔约方之间的一体化、国际保护规则从实体到程序的一体化、国际保护体系与国际贸易体制的一体化,反映了当代知识产权制度的基本特征。《知识产权协定》作为知识产权国际保护的主要法律制度,在其推行过程中显见不足,其主要表现是知识产权与其他基本人权(包括精神权利、表现自由、隐私权、健康权、发展权等)的冲突;此外,在知识产权国际论坛上,诸如传统知识、遗传资源、地理标志保护问题的争议,导致了国际知识产权领域中新的利益格局的形成,从而引发了知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展。     

人权法语境下的气候变化损害责任:虚幻或现实

由人类活动导致的气候变化不仅影响全球生态系统,而且对包括生命权、健康权、财产权在内的各项基本人权的享有和实现构成了严重威胁.在现行多边气候变化体制缺乏损害责任承担机制的情况下,人权法语境下的气候变化损害责任开始进入国际社会的视野.尽管环境损害的人权法救济在实践中已获得了各人权机构的广泛支持,但由于气候变化损害的跨界性和累积性特点,与之相关的人权法责任之构建仍将面临难以逾越的障碍.不过,即便气候变化损害的人权法责任在目前不具有现实可行性,气候变化与人权的挂钩对于多边气候变化体制的发展仍具有积极意义.