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1.
School is regarded as a central arena for crime prevention. This study analyses the effects of student perceptions of school contextual aspects on self-reported offending, using logistic regression with control for clustering effects. The data comprise a census of pupils in year nine in comprehensive school (15 year olds) and in year two of upper secondary school (17 year olds) in the City of Stockholm in 2006, 2008 and 2010 (n = 25,850 of which 47% are boys and 53% are girls). Besides showing that several aspects of students’ perceptions of the school setting have direct protective effects on offending, the study shows that perceiving schoolwork as meaningful appears to moderate the effect of adverse home conditions on delinquency for boys. The only aspect of school investigated in this study that was not significantly related to offending was the perception of classroom order, indicating that emotional support from teachers is more important for crime preventive implications than maintaining order in the classroom. Controlling for clustering effects shows differences in offending between classes and schools that are not produced by differences between the students. 相似文献
2.
Despite much focus on school violence, there has been little research that explores the relationship between offending and victimization in various school climates. School climate theory suggests that the school's social system, culture, milieu, and ecological structure affect student outcomes including academic performance, delinquency, and more recently, victimization. Hierarchical analysis of data from 5,037 11th-grade students in 33 schools found that offending behavior was the strongest predictor for both minor and more serious forms of victimization. School climate, specifically the social cohesion of schools, reduced serious violent victimization risk. However, school climate did not affect the relationship between offending and victimization, and was not substantially modified when characteristics of the school environment were considered. 相似文献
3.
Climate clubs have been suggested as a gateway to substantial reductions in global emissions. The club approach begins with a small number of enthusiastic countries. This paper asks under what conditions such clubs are likely to evolve into effective cooperation through side-payments to new members. The question is addressed through a range of formal thought experiments using numerical simulations. The model is calibrated using empirical data on countries’ emissions, GDP, populations, and vulnerabilities. It is simple and stylized, but allows for complex and dynamic interactions between actors. Basic equity considerations can be accommodated. The results indicate that side-payments’ theoretical potential for facilitating effective clubs is large. One or two large emitters can initiate a club that grows to cover a substantial share of global emissions if the global benefit–cost ratio for mitigation is around 3 or larger. The size of stable clubs is larger if new members contribute to making side-payments, and somewhat lower if equity considerations constrain the set of possible transfers. Side-payments’ effect is enabled by the large asymmetries between countries. Total side-payment flows range from tens to hundreds of billions of US dollars annually. 相似文献
4.
Sean Walsh Huifang Tian John Whalley Manmohan Agarwal 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2011,11(3):261-273
In this paper, we discuss a range of issues concerning developing country participation in current global climate change mitigation
negotiations, especially India and China. We argue that the problem of redefining ‘common yet differentiated responsibilities’
in a way which allows developing countries room to pursue their individual development goals while still achieving the necessary
level of carbon mitigation is central to the debate. The choice of negotiating instruments, effective technology transfer
and financial support, and other related issues have been raised principally by China and India, and may also be raised by
several other countries. Kyoto non-compliance by Annex 1 countries will also greatly impact the negotiating power of China
and India and other developing countries. We conclude that, once basic principles are clearly defined, the greatest incentive
for China and India to participate in climate change negotiations is the prospect of future negotiating rounds that can be
linked to a large number of climate change related issues, such as intellectual property, the potential for financial transfers
and trade/market access. 相似文献
5.
6.
Australian climate policy and the Asia Pacific partnership on clean development and climate (APP). From Howard to Rudd: continuity or change? 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Peter Lawrence 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):281-299
This article explains, first, why Australia’s government under John Howard, together with the United States Bush administration
initiated the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) and, second, why the succeeding Rudd government
continued to support this initiative. Climate policy under the conservative Howard government (1995–2007) in Australia was
largely dictated by fossil fuel and mineral sector interests, and reflected a close alliance with the Bush administration.
The Howard government shunned the Kyoto Protocol, refused to set national binding greenhouse gas reduction targets and preferred
voluntary cooperative measures with industry. The APP was part of the Howard government’s strategy to demonstrate some policy
movement on climate change while postponing serious action. Climate change was a key issue in the election of the Rudd Labor
government in Australia in December 2007. The Rudd government quickly ratified Kyoto, adopted emission reduction targets,
and moved to introduce emissions trading. The Rudd government’s decision to continue involvement with the APP, albeit with
diminished funding, was a pragmatic one. The APP was supported by industry and provided bridges to China and India—both key
countries in the post-2012 UNFCCC negotiations. Finally, in order to assess the long-term outlook of the APP, the article
provides a preliminary assessment as to whether the APP advances technology transfer.
相似文献
Peter LawrenceEmail: |
7.
Avi Brisman 《Contemporary Justice Review》2015,18(2):178-196
While green criminology may be an effective name or label for the sub-field or perspective within criminology that considers a wide range of environmental issues, it is, in reality, a ‘multicolored green’ – a criminology that engages a spectrum of issues, that reflects the interests of some racial groups more than others, that reveals and analyzes environmental harms which disproportionately impact some racial groups more than others, and that can be approached from a number of vantage points or that can be viewed with variously tinted lenses. This article begins with an overview of climate change, including a discussion of its anticipated impacts and indicators of its already-being-felt effects. It then offers some general comments on the disproportionate impact of environmental threats and harms before turning to a discussion of the present and anticipated distributional impacts of climate change. Here, this article argues that climate change is, in effect, achromatopsic – it is color-blind, in that it affects us all regardless of skin color – but that those impacts will be distributed unevenly/unequally and that various groups are and will continue to be in different positions to adapt to climate change. This article concludes by suggesting that while the environmental harms caused by climate change are real – and the risks and threats they pose tangible and serious – climate change presents an exciting challenge for our creative potential as humans. In the process of reducing our consumption of fossil fuels and stabilizing (or, better yet, reducing) our greenhouse gas emissions, we might better assist those geopolitical regions most at risk (i.e. poor, developing countries) to become more resilient – an approach that is necessary for both the physical health of the planet and the prospects for social justice. 相似文献
8.
David Belis Bart Kerremans 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2016,16(4):543-559
This article hypothesizes that the material incentives associated with the clean development mechanism (CDM) have contributed to the internalization of climate protection norms in China. In current academic research, the CDM has both been extolled as a cost-effective and vilified as an environmentally and ethically inadequate climate mitigation instrument. Few studies so far, however, have looked into the CDM’s potential contribution to socialization-related phenomena such as raising climate change awareness in emerging economies. The relationship with the EU is highly relevant in this context, as the emission reduction credits (CERs) resulting from CDM projects would not have had any meaningful prices without the European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). This article aims to fill the current research gap by studying the socialization potential of the CDM in EU–China climate relations in four periods, namely initiation (2001–2005), improvement (2005–2007), consolidation (2008–2010) and habit formation (2010–2014). We argue that there is at least a discernible effect and that the underlying causal mechanism involves the emergence and activities of norm entrepreneurs and habit formation through a process of legal institutionalization. 相似文献
9.
10.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is struggling in its attempts to address the threat of anthropogenic climate change and create an effective international climate agreement. A substantial part of the problem is consensus decision-making within the Convention. Majority voting is a potential alternative which is already being discussed within the UNFCCC. A comparative analysis of consensus and majority voting suggests that majority voting is superior in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness by allowing for quicker decision-making and semi-global approaches to a climate agreement (termed here as “Critical Mass Governance”). This paper aims to investigate how majority voting could be implemented in the UNFCCC and to consider politically feasible and effective approaches to voting arrangements for the Convention. There is a legal opportunity to introduce voting through adoption of the draft Rules of Procedure, but this faces political opposition. A type of Layered Majority Voting with larger majorities for financial and substantial matters is considered to be the optimal approach in balancing political feasibility and effectiveness. For now, voting is not politically feasible for the UNFCCC, but could be introduced into future bodies or treaties under the Convention. 相似文献
11.
Shrivastava Manish Kumar Bhaduri Saradindu 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2019,19(4-5):497-513
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - The Paris Agreement on climate change recognizes, reluctantly albeit, the importance of ‘climate justice’ in its... 相似文献
12.
Japan’s position in international climate policy: navigating between Kyoto and the APP 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Harro van Asselt Norichika Kanie Masahiko Iguchi 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):319-336
The emergence of technology-oriented agreements such as the 2005 Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
(APP) may have significant implications for the future of global climate governance, as these agreements could be perceived
as an alternative for the existing international climate regime. It is, therefore, important to examine what has moved countries
to be involved in these agreements alongside the UN climate regime. This article seeks to identify possible factors contributing
to Japan’s participation in both the UN climate regime and the APP, looking at the position of domestic interest groups, the
distribution of climate policy-making at the government level and varying international pressures. It concludes that Japan’s
participation in both the APP and the UN climate regime flows from a policy-making process that tries to accommodate conflicting
viewpoints at the domestic and international levels. To what extent Japan’s participation in both fora can be regarded as
constructive will depend on the partnership’s ability to support the implementation of a future climate regime.
相似文献
Harro van AsseltEmail: |
13.
Naghmeh Nasiritousi Björn-Ola Linnér 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2016,16(1):127-144
When do states allow nonstate actors (NSAs) to observe negotiations at intergovernmental meetings? Previous studies have identified the need for states to close negotiations when the issues under discussion are sensitive. This paper argues that sensitivity alone cannot adequately explain the dynamic of closing down negotiations to observers. Questions that have received little attention in the literature include which issues are considered sensitive and how the decision is made to move the negotiations behind closed doors. This paper examines the practices of NSA involvement in climate diplomacy from three analytical perspectives: functional efficiency, political dynamics, and historical institutionalism. Based on interviews and UNFCCC documents, this paper suggests that to understand the issue of openness in negotiations, institutional factors and the politics of NSA involvement need to be better scrutinized. The paper shows that each perspective has particular advantages when analyzing different dimensions of the negotiations, with implications of how we understand the role of NSAs in global environmental governance. 相似文献
14.
Gørild M. Heggelund Inga Fritzen Buan 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):301-317
This article discusses China’s motives for participation in the Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
(APP), and whether this has or will have consequences for its participation and efforts in the UN track of international climate
governance. In order to discuss these issues, it also provides an outline of key national priorities and explains the nature
of China’s involvement in both the UN track and the APP. It suggests that the APP is a complement to the UN process, not a
competitor, in the case of China. APP participation represents a win–win situation in terms of the transfer of technology
and know-how for solving challenges related to energy security and greenhouse gas emissions. For the Chinese leadership, this
seems preferable to taking on UN commitments which it fears would impede economic development. The APP’s projects also seem
to complement the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism project in China. This article argues that there is little
indication that China would make less of an effort under the UN track.
相似文献
Inga Fritzen Buan (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - Since the UNFCCC 1992 mandated technology transfer commitments, how to fulfil the commitments and effectively facilitate the... 相似文献
16.
Inés de Águeda Corneloup Arthur P. J. Mol 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2014,14(3):281-297
Being at the frontline of climate change, small island developing states (SIDS) hold a serious stake in climate negotiations. However, these countries usually are marginalized in the international political arena, due to their lack of structural power. This paper explores the strategic influence of SIDS and its representative organization, the Alliance of Small Island States, in the negotiations leading to the Copenhagen summit of December 2009. Using the concepts of leadership and discourses, the position, strategies, and impact of SIDS are analyzed on negotiation processes and their final outcome, focusing on three core demands of small island countries at Copenhagen: a temperature rise limit of 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels, funding for adaptation, and a legally binding outcome. Results reveal that SIDS practiced entrepreneurial, intellectual, and environmental leadership strategies and especially made use of moral claims in the debate. Given their near absence of structural power, they managed to secure a surprisingly large part of “their” agenda and interests in the final Copenhagen Accord, especially through (discourse) coalitions with various other state and non-state stakeholders. 相似文献
17.
Karen Pittel Dirk T. G. Rübbelke 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2012,12(1):23-39
Frequently, international environmental negotiations have been analyzed in two-agent (2 × 2) games. Yet, in order to involve
additional strategies, (3 × 3) games gained attention recently. We employ such a (3 × 3) game setting in order to depict international
negotiations on climate change and integrate both the prisoner’s dilemma and the chicken games in this setting. We analyze
transitions of negotiation states and describe how ancillary benefits and first-mover advantages influence agents’ behavior
in the negotiations, when three different strategies or levels of climate protection efforts are available. Finally, we also
integrate strategies to mitigate and to adapt to climate change into the analysis in the (3 × 3) game setting. 相似文献
18.
Nicholas Blagden Christian Perrin Sam Smith Faye Gleeson Laura Gillies 《Journal of Sexual Aggression》2017,23(2):151-166
Understanding how sexual offenders experience prison and its environment is important because such experiences can impact on rehabilitation outcomes. The purpose of this research investigation was to explore the rehabilitative and therapeutic climate of a recently re-rolled sexual offender prison. The research took a mixed methods approach and consisted of quantitative and qualitative phases. There were differences between prisoners and staff on their perception of the prison climate and for prisoner and staff relationships. The qualitative results helped to explain the quantitative findings and added a more nuanced understanding of the experience of the prison, the nature of prisoner and staff relationships and the opportunities for personal growth within the prison. The study has important implications for prisons that co-locate sexual offenders and want to provide an environment conducive to rehabilitation. 相似文献
19.
An agenda for change in U.S. climate policies? Presidential ambitions and congressional powers 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Tora Skodvin Steinar Andresen 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):263-280
The U.S. membership in the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) constituted an important element
in the Bush administration’s voluntary and non-committing ‘soft-law’ approach to climate change. With the inauguration of
President Barack Obama, the U.S. has embarked on a shift in its climate policy towards a legislative, ‘hard-law’ strategy.
Obama’s approach implies that the distribution of interests in Congress becomes more significant. In this article, we assess
the rules and procedures governing the relationship between the president and the Congress embedded in the U.S. Constitution
and explore implications of a stronger congressional involvement in U.S. climate policies for President Obama’s ability to
realise his climate policy ambitions at both the domestic and the international levels. We argue that the strong relationship
between natural resource dependence (coal and oil) and opposition to climate policies is a constant feature of the U.S. climate
policy debate. In order to succeed, Obama must break the enduring gridlock characterising congressional debate in this policy
area by designing policies that, through compromise and compensation, can mobilise the support of oil- and coal-state representatives
in Congress. The acceptability of an international climate treaty in Congress, moreover, depends inter alia on the resolution
of the difficult issue of developing country participation. Success may be enhanced by using the APP and the Major Economies
Initiative as informal arenas for negotiation and sector-based cooperation, thus providing a much-needed supplement to the
UN-based negotiation process.
相似文献
Tora SkodvinEmail: |
20.
Jakob Skovgaard 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2017,17(1):89-106
Finance ministries are increasingly involved in UN climate finance negotiations, yet this development received very limited attention in the literature on climate finance or climate negotiations. It is not obvious from the literature on bureaucratic politics how these ministries will position themselves on climate finance: they may frame climate finance as expenditure to be limited or as an instrument for correcting the market failure of climate change. This paper investigates which frames have characterised the positions of finance ministries on key issues in the climate finance negotiations, and whether the use of a given frame corresponds to particular factors. Case studies of Denmark, India, Indonesia and the USA based on official documents and interviews show that the position of each finance ministry is generally consistent with one particular frame. The Indonesian and Danish finance ministries predominantly framed climate finance as a way of correcting a market failure. The Indian Ministry of Finance emphasised Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, which fits with the budget frame. The US Treasury’s position similarly fits with the budget frame while sharing elements of the market failure frame. Finance ministries that had the lead on climate finance were more likely follow the budget frame. The use of both frames cuts across the divide between industrialised and emerging economies. With the exception of the USA, left- and right-wing governments were equally likely to adopt either frame. These findings indicate that strengthening finance ministry forums built around the market failure frame can be a way of reducing norm fragmentation. 相似文献