气候变化的国际法发展:从温室效应理论到《联合国气候变化框架公约》

本文考察了温室效应理论对缔结《联合国气候变化框架公约》的决定性影响 ,并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的基本法律原则 (规则 )及其对国际环境立法的贡献进行了述评。     

Incompatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 subscriber appeal process provisions with Article 6 of the ECHR

Through case-law research, this paper critically assesses the compatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 (DEA) subscriber appeal process provisions (Section 13 of the DEA) with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Drawing on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case-law, Ofcom's Initial Obligations Code (the Code), and the DEA judicial review decision, namely, BT PLC and Talk Talk PLC v Secretary of State for Business Innovation and Skills and others, this paper focuses on the three Strasbourg Court principles of equality of arms, admissibility of evidence, and presumption of innocence, in an effort to determine whether Section 13 of the DEA infringes them, and whether this constitutes a breach of a subscriber's right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR. The paper examines these three ECtHR principles. It contrasts such principles with the Code's provisions, and considers the compatibility of Section 13 of the DEA with Article 6 of the ECHR. It concludes that the DEA subscriber appeal process provisions do indeed infringe these principles, thus constituting a violation of subscribers' right to a fair trial. It also recommends that the UK government start taking seriously human rights in general, and Article 6 of the ECHR in particular.     

法医学研究中的伦理审查建设

法医学研究伦理审查既是法医学研究管理工作的内容,也是法医学研究的对象,本文针对法医学研究中的伦理审查问题,论述开展伦理审查的必要性,并对法医学研究伦理审查委员会建设指导原则进行探讨,呼吁开展伦理审查建设。     

“法律普遍原则”的司法适用——以欧洲行政法为视角

考虑欧洲联盟的司法审查机制,主要涉及到两个层次的问题。首先,司法审查可以依靠什么法律依据——更明确地说,行政行为的司法审查运用什么法律基本原则?其次,司法审查应该采取什么标准、严格到什么程度?欧洲经验表明,这些问题的妥善处理对于共同体法治的建构是至关重要的。     

Advocacy 20 years on from Hampel: is it time we revisited the postgraduate teaching of advocacy?

This paper seeks to discuss the teaching of advocacy as a discipline with specific reference to the way in which advocacy is taught on the Bar Professional Training Course in England and Wales. The Advocacy Training Council favours the Hampel Method of teaching advocacy first developed more than 20 years ago in Australia. The paper seeks to review the use of the Hampel Method by offering a critique of behaviourist learning theory from a constructivist standpoint and putting forward alternative teaching techniques which are in harmony with the principles of constructivism, experiential learning and productive failure. We conclude that the teaching of advocacy can be improved and that greater scholarship is needed in this important area to ensure students are taught using the best techniques.     

Making sense of the case law on Ombudsman schemes

This article analyses the case law on ombudsman schemes in the UK, with the purpose of identifying some of the key trends that underpin this branch of law pre-the first Supreme Court decision in this area, JR55 v Northern Ireland Commissioner for Complaints. While the law on ombudsman schemes remains based on legislation and the various grounds of administrative law available in judicial review, distinct bespoke principles have also been relied upon. These principles are beginning to provide consistent guidance on how the law should be used and interpreted in cases involving an ombudsman scheme. One task of the Supreme Court in JR55 will be to confirm these principles, or rationalize any departure from them.     

消极的美德理论:比克尔的司法审查理论研究

比克尔于1961年出版的《最小危险部门——政治法庭上的最高法院》一书体现了他的司法审查思想精髓,并在该书中提出了消极的美德理论。他认为,司法审查的正当性在于它对宪法原则的捍卫,并分别从最高法院的优势、最高法院对政治部门的尊重、最高法院对原则与权宜之计的调和等方面进行了论证。据此他主张在具体的司法实践中,法院应该通过拒发调卷令、政治问题学说、狭窄的判决等方式践行消极的美德之策略。比克尔的消极的美德理论在美国宪法学界产生了重大的影响,尤其是他主张的法院之独特功能在于缓解原则与权宜之计的紧张这一观点,成为他宪法理论中最具原创性的贡献。     

论非典型鉴定意见的法律效力——“鉴定咨询意见”、“鉴定检验报告”、“技术证据审核意见”的证据能力问题亟需依法统一认识

“两种意见”和“两种检验报告”的性质和作用问题，在司法鉴定和司法活动中是经常引起争议的理论和实践问题。本文针对当前的争议．对每个问题提出了自己的观点和解决争议的主张。认为“鉴定专家咨询委员会”出具的“鉴定咨询意见”不是鉴定意见．不能作为定案的根据，只能作为侦查、审查起诉、审判的参考。并论证了其中的多方面原因;主张“鉴定检验报告”应当区分法定与法外两种性质，分别属于法定鉴定意见证据和仅供审判部门参考的非法定证据．并提出了对两种不同性质“检验报告”的使用评断原则;认为人民检察院、人民法院的“科技证据审核活动”．属于司法机关对鉴定意见的内部咨询活动，审查的范围仅限于四个方面．技审人员和机构无权对司法鉴定意见进行否定或肯定．只能对四方面的问题提出“审查建议”,“技术审查意见”只能作为检察、审判机关审查起诉和审判的内部参考．不能栽入起诉书和裁判文书。     

Forms of fettering: application forms and the exercise of discretion in the welfare state

ABSTRACT

Application forms are often the compulsory interface between citizens and their social rights. Applicants for support must navigate the questions, checklists and blank spaces in often long, detailed documents to assert their social entitlements. Given their ubiquity and the central role they play in the administration of the welfare state, it is perhaps surprising that they have been neglected in favour of a focus on other documentation, principally policy and guidance. This paper argues that the non-fettering ground of review – a principle whose jurisprudence is tied to the design and use of policy – also engages application forms. Through an analysis of 271 application forms used to administer the localised Discretionary Housing Payment scheme in England, three examples of their fettering potential are provided: the imposition of exhaustive criteria; requiring the applicant to self-classify or disclose irrelevant considerations; and constraining responses through tied evidential requirements. By arguing that the non-fettering ground should not limit itself to one kind of document (policy) when administrators are so reliant on another (application forms), the paper’s broader agenda is to argue that principles of good administration should apply to all documentation used to administer social entitlement.     

Global governance principles for the sustainable development of groundwater resources

A normative framework for the governance of groundwater is emerging at the global level. However, existing analyses have not comprehensively covered all the governance texts that have a bearing on transboundary groundwater resources or looked at them from the perspective of sustainable groundwater governance. Therefore, this paper responds to the questions: What are the global governance texts (including international laws) applicable to groundwater resources; to which forms of the resource do they apply; which principles have been included over time; and what are the implications for sustainable development of groundwater resources now and in the future? The analysis highlights key groundwater concepts, discusses twelve global groundwater governance texts and the thirty principles therein, classifies the principles into ideal–typical categories based on the sustainable development concept; and assesses the gaps and conflicts between the principles and texts. The paper has three key findings. First, groundwater governance is rapidly evolving and there are a number of principles available to promote sustainable development. Second, however, these collective principles do not adequately address (a) the link with all water resources; (b) the potential impact of climate change on water resources; and (c) the impact of trade on equitable sharing of groundwater and protection of groundwater-related ecosystems. Third, to the extent that this collection of principles can contribute to sustainable development, they are inconsistently included in the legally binding groundwater governance texts. Therefore, much progress is needed to ensure a global normative framework that can guide the sustainable governance of groundwater resources.     

比例原则在公平竞争审查例外制度运行中的适用

公平竞争审查例外制度的具体实施离不开相应的法律原则作为指引,其中最为关键也最为重要的当属比例原则。在比例原则的基本内容架构方面,有必要在传统“三阶理论”之中导入新的子原则——“目的正当性原则”,借以确立起“四阶理论”。在公平竞争审查例外制度运行过程中,引入比例原则事实上不仅具有必要性,而且也具有相应的合理性。比例原则在...     

民事再审程序重构

本文在考察和分析国内民事再审程序立法现状的基础上 ,借鉴国际发达国家的立法经验 ,提出了重构再审程序的理论及重构这一理论的价值取向问题 ,从而寻求符合中国司法改革实际的立法原则及相应对策。     

Drilling down into ethics: A thematic review of ethical considerations for the creation and use of 3D printed human remains in crime reconstruction

The existing literature contains some exploration of the ethics concerning human remains in forensic and virtual anthropology. However, previous work has stopped short of interrogating the underlying ethical concepts. The question of how people understand and apply these concepts in practice, and what it means to act ethically, remain underexplored. This thematic review explores the ethical considerations that contribute to the creation and use of 3D printed human remains for forensic purposes. The three main branches of ethical theory are outlined to explore how they may apply to forensic practice. Key themes relating to 3D printing human remains in forensic contexts were explored to better understand the ethics landscape, ethical challenges, and the current guidelines in place. Through this thematic review, nine ethics principles were identified as key principles for guiding best practice: anonymity, autonomy, beneficence, consent, context, justice, non-maleficence, proportionality, and transparency. It is suggested that these principles could be incorporated into adaptable guidelines going forward to support ethical practice. The findings also suggest that holistic ethics cognition training may have value in supporting forensic scientists in ethical decision-making, together with procedural and structural design that may promote best practice and reduce cognitive load.     

The ethical implications of prospective payment and corporate medical practice: A research agenda

The major trends in the growth of prospective payment and the corporatization of medical practice in the United States are examined. In particular, the ethical implications of these changes in the context of the multiple system goals of access, cost containment, and quality are considered. Considerable concern is being expressed that with the dominant emphasis on cost containment, the principles of access and quality might be compromised. This paper formulates a research agenda to address this question, based on a review and synthesis of empirical evidence and hypotheses about the probable or actual impact of these changes on the multiple health system goals. A basic premise is that ethical judgments should be grounded in empirical evidence about what actually is or will be.     

Police departments under social science scrutiny

The common flaw in research on police work is the failure to observe principles of organizational analysis. This is often the result of treating individual police officers, rather than the department, as the unit of analysis. Here we review the design of eight recent studies selected to illustrate both the usual neglect and the occasional sophisticated application of three organizational principles. These principles are: attention to organizational unity; analysis of subgroups; and examination of the organizational environment.     

WTO协议司法审查原则与行政诉讼检察监督之回应

根据WTO司法审查原则,我国人民法院对行政行为的审查范围、审查标准和审查依据等方面都 与目前《行政诉讼法》的规定有不同之处。因此,检察机关应当针对入世后行政诉讼的这些变化 及时应对,为未来进一步完善行政诉讼检察监督工作做好准备。     

Tackling legal challenges posed by population biobanks: reconceptualising consent requirements

This paper examines, from an Australian and international perspective, the phenomenon of population 'biobanks' (research platforms comprising collections of human genetic samples or 'biospecimens' and relevant personal information) and the legal challenges that this development presents. In particular, the paper focuses on the legal concept of consent and the tensions on the traditional understanding of consent that large-scale, long-term population biobanks exert. The aim of the paper is to review the operation of consent principles as they apply to population biobanks and to propose a way forward for how the consent concept can be reconceptualised to meet their demands. In particular, the paper argues for a more liberal approach which allows for 'broad' (or 'enlarged' or 'open') consent in circumstances where permission is sought for future use of samples in, as yet unspecified, genetic research. In pursuing this aim, the objectives underlying this paper are to ensure that unnecessary impediments to research are removed and, at the same time, to facilitate research participation and respect for autonomous choices by research subjects.     

论高校自治规则的司法审查

高校自治规则接受司法审查,不仅符合《行政诉讼法》的明文规定,也是司法终极性原则的必然要求,更是司法介入高校内部治理的应有之义。同时,为保证高校应有的自治空间,法院对高校自治规则的审查必须遵循附带审查原则、尊重高校首先判断权原则、"不探索决策者的思维过程"原则以及间接审查原则,以保持必要的抑制与谦让。     

刑事诉讼中被追诉人财产权保障问题研究?

刑事诉讼中国家权力的运用可能与被追诉人的财产权产生尖锐的冲突。由于自近代以来,财产权在规范和事实上都已经上升为公民的一项基本人权,因此,如何衡平国家权力与财产权的冲突,就成为刑事诉讼的根本使命之一。为此,现代法治国家以程序法定、正当程序、比例以及司法审查等程序原则为核心建构起被追诉人财产权保障的基本程序框架。我国现行刑事诉讼制度在保障被追诉人财产权方面存在着重大缺陷,不仅基本程序框架扭曲变形,一些具体的程序制度在设计和运作中也无法真正有效地保障被追诉人财产权,因此,必须通过观念转变和制度重构予以改革。     

Motivating Juvenile Offenders Toward Making Responsible Choices in Daily Life

Based on the premise that the best deterrent to delinquent behavior is the offender's motivation to engage in moral reasoning and action, this article describes the value of teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality in the juvenile justice system. The authors review The Facts of Life Seminar, a program for teaching scientifically formulated principles of morality to delinquent youth. Outcome statistics demonstrate this approach is effective in providing incentives for adjudicated adolescents to refrain from theft and violence, to keep their promises, and to tell the truth.