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1.
Competition among countries to attract the research and development (R&D) activities of multinational enterprises has increased
substantially during the last years, but the strategies used by governments in this competition still remain largely unexplored.
This paper addresses that gap by proposing a taxonomy of the policy instruments available to stimulate inward R&D-intensive
foreign direct investment (FDI) and presenting the results of a comparative case study of two EU countries: Spain and Ireland.
The main conclusion is that an efficient promotion of R&D-intensive FDI calls for a closer connection between innovation policy
and inward investment promotion, which are two policy areas that have traditionally operated rather separately. In addition,
investment promotion agencies targeting R&D-intensive FDI are advised to reconfigure the scope of services they provide by
placing more emphasis on after-care, since R&D-intensive FDI tends to be evolutionary rather than purely greenfield.
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2.
Whereas foreign investment innovation (FII) has become increasingly common, after decades of debate it is still unclear whether
it is desirable for the home country or for the company’s host country. This paper reviews articles from three complementary
economic and business traditions which investigate this phenomenon and propose policies based on facts: the economics of technological
change tradition, the international business (IB) tradition, and the line of research on international technology transfers.
Articles in line with these strands of theory complement each other because they approach different aspects of complex events
while explaining FII and its effects on host and home countries. Host countries obtain maximum benefits from FII when affiliates
import foreign technology, purchase their inputs in the host country and enjoy product and technological autonomy vis-à-vis
the parent. Different types of MNEs, affiliates and foreign R&D units have different potentials for transferring technology
to host countries and provide different scope for policies. The authors recommend that governments encourage direct vertical
linkages between MNEs and domestic suppliers who could reap the benefits from foreign knowledge. However, some important success
factors remain exogenous to governments. As for indigenous MNEs, it is a matter of controversy whether governments should
always stimulate them to conduct research in foreign locations or, alternatively, incentive them to stay at home. The need
for additional evidence is still considerable in many respects.
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3.
Internationalisation of corporate R&D—driven mainly by multinational enterprises (MNEs)—has received increasing interest recently.
As a small open economy, Austria faces special challenges with regard to this on-going process. The share of Austrian R&D
financed from abroad is outstanding in international comparison. Indeed, a significant portion of R&D activities in Austria
is defined by strategic decisions of international corporations, which are re-assessing their spatial division of labour continuously.
In our paper, we analyse the characteristics of these foreign-owned corporations in Austria and demonstrate that they form
the more ‘modern’ part of Austrian industry. At the same time, we show that these companies and R&D facilities are embedded
in the Austrian national innovation system (NIS) to a large extent. This embeddedness is also explicitly and implicitly supported
by the Austrian technology policy. We conclude that this high degree of embeddedness in the NIS may be crucial for the sustainability
of foreign-owned R&D facilities.
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4.
Rapid growth in internationalization of corporate R&D has spurred considerable interest since the 1990s. Foreign R&D is still
mainly driven by the expansion of international production, but technology sourcing has become an increasingly important driver
of dispersion. Actually, differences across sectors and companies tend to obscure the mix of motivations behind the development
of global innovation networks. This paper distinguishes the various drivers of the international dispersion of corporate R&D
in order to elaborate a typology of foreign R&D units, including in emerging countries. This typology is used to discuss the
emergence of differentiated global innovation networks and the location choices by type of R&D unit. It is applied to foreign
R&D projects in Europe in high and low cost countries between 2002 and 2005. It is then used to discuss the weakening attractiveness
of the European Union for R&D activities and the relevant policies that countries can design to attract different types of
units.
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5.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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6.
In this paper we test competing hypotheses about the shape of the time-profile of foreign direct investment profitability
on a panel of countries. Using partial linearization method we derive the time-profile of the cumulative profitability for
the stock of direct investment from aggregate macroeconomic data. By testing the non-linearity hypothesis of the cumulative
profitability life-cycle of direct investment we find a cubic curve.
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7.
Investigating the effects of privatization in transition countries is the focus of a large body of current research. Generally,
privatization stimulates private sector development, attracts foreign direct investment, fosters competition and contributes
to the formation of stock markets. In addition, privatization may improve individual enterprises’ performance. This paper
investigates the impact of privatization on Ukrainian firms’ productivity. The empirical research is based on a sample of
466 Ukrainian joint-stock enterprises for the period of 1997–1999. Estimation results indicate that privatization positively
influences labor productivity, sales and profitability, but also that these effects diminish over time.
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8.
This paper presents the theoretical framework and empirical analysis of the effect of stronger Intellectual Property Rights
(IPRs) on technology transfer from parent firm to its subsidiaries in foreign countries. The results of empirical testing,
based on the firm-level panel data of Japanese MNCs’ foreign subsidiaries, show that the stronger protection of IPRs has a
positive effect on the promotion of intra-firm technology transfer after controlling for market specific factors in the host
countries as well as parent-subsidiary firm specific factors. They are consistent with our theoretical prediction and the
results of the previous studies based on US firm-level data.
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9.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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10.
This study investigates the impact of a wide spectrum of Knowledge and Technology Transfer (KTT) activities (educational and
research activities, activities related with technical infrastructure, and consulting) on two innovation indicators (a) in
the framework of an innovation equation with variables for specific forms of KTT activities as additional determinants of
innovation, and (b) based on a matched-pairs analysis for several specific forms of KTT activities. The data used in the study
were collected by means of a survey of Swiss enterprises that took place at the beginning of 2005. We found that research
and educational activities improve the innovation performance of firms in terms of sales of considerably modified products,
research activities in addition also in terms of sales of new products. This could be shown by several methods: the innovation
equation approach with instrument variables for specific forms of KTT activities as well as two matching methods.
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11.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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12.
This paper examines how patent protection in a technology recipient country affects international technology transfer. A theory
suggests that the effect of stronger patent protection on technology transfer is negative if the binding constraint is the
imitation profitability and positive if it is the incentive for the licensor to undertake technology transfer. We evaluate
these implications by examining the variations of the structure of licensing contracts across countries, based on a newly
collected database of licensing contracts by Japanese firms. Our major findings are the following. First, the incidence of
know-how licensing, either in the pure or in the bundled form, relative to that of pure patent licensing, declines significantly
with the level of foreign patent protection. This indicates a limited role of patents for facilitating know-how licensing.
Secondly, the probability and the strength of ownership control by a licensor declines with the level of patent protection,
indicating a positive effect of stronger patent protection in expanding the scope of the recipients of technology transfer.
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13.
In terms of economic regionalism, East Asia lags far behind other major regions. It was only recently that institutionalization
of regional economic integration was started among East Asia countries. However, functional economic integration has continuously
proceeded among East Asian economies even without a region-wide RTA. This paper analyzes the trends of functional economic
integration both in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) among East Asian economies, and reviews recent developments
of economic regionalism in East Asia. It also addresses the prospects for a region-wide FTA in East Asia and draws some policy
implications for East Asian countries at this juncture of economic regionalism in East Asia.
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14.
Life sciences are the best developed area of academic research throughout Latin America. Biomedical research has been particularly
successful. However, generally speaking, excellence in research has not been accompanied by commercially successful innovations,
a pattern that differs from what has happened in many highly industrialized countries, even small ones. The paper explores
some causes of such disappointing outcome, stressing in particular the historical lack of political and social legitimacy
exhibited by innovation policies in underdevelopment. From a developmental point of view it is of great importance the building
of such legitimacy. One way of doing so is to link more tightly innovation policies to social concerns; bio-innovation is
suggested as a productive path towards that aim.
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15.
This paper describes innovation-related data available from international economic surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis. These data are collected in conjunction with the international transactions accounts of the United States
and in surveys of the operations of multinational companies (MNCs). The paper focuses on five innovation-related series: receipts
and payments of royalties and license fees; exports and imports of research, development, and testing services; sales of services
by foreign affiliates classified in the research and development services industry; MNC R&D spending; and MNC R&D employment.
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17.
The hardening of soft budget constraints (SBCs) is a central element in transforming the economies of Central and Eastern
Europe into market economies. This paper presents macro evidence on budget hardening of transition economies comparing the
performance of EU accession countries relative to non-accession countries. We estimate SBC hardening for 21 transition economies
in a partial adjustment model by measuring the reaction of employment to output changes over a 10-year period. The paper finds
that accession candidates have reduced excess labour demand substantially relative to non-accession countries.
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18.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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20.
Using epidemiological techniques for testing disease contagion, it has recently been found that in the wake of a residential
burglary, the risk to nearby homes is temporarily elevated. This paper demonstrates the ubiquity of this phenomenon by analyzing
space–time patterns of burglary in 10 areas, located in five different countries. While the precise patterns vary, for all
areas, houses within 200 m of a burgled home were at an elevated risk of burglary for a period of at least two weeks. For
three of the five countries, differences in these patterns may partly be explained by simple differences in target density.
The findings inform theories of crime concentration and offender targeting strategies, and have implications for crime forecasting
and crime reduction more generally.
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