三位一体的人类合作之扩展秩序——哈耶克的自生自发秩序原理之述评

在哈耶克的社会发展观中,中心论题是人类合作之扩展秩序,这个秩序又被归结为自生自发秩序,而自生自发秩序由三个基本要素构成:自由、竞争和规则,其基本含义就是在一般性规则之下通过社会主体之间的自由竞争以推进社会秩序的演化。其中,自由是核心,竞争和规则都是建立在自由的基础之上,因而三者在某种程度上又是等同的,共同构成了一个三位一体的自生自发秩序理论。同时,哈耶克强调的竞争是基于自由市场的竞争,规则则是基于一般契约的法律,哈耶克毕生都在阐发市场竞争和抽象法律这两个基本机制是如何保障自生自发的社会秩序不断扩展的,因此,哈耶克的扩展秩序研究体系又可形象地归结为:一个中心,两个基本点,它为我们理解哈耶克的社会发展观以及探究社会秩序的扩展基础等问题提供了基本分析框架。     

再论虚拟财产刑事保护的不当性——与王志祥博士商榷

王志祥博士发表在《北方法学》2010年第4期上的《论虚拟财产刑事保护的正当性——与侯国云教授商榷》一文,对笔者发表在《中国人民公安大学学报(社会科学版)》2008年第3期上的《论网络虚拟财产刑事保护的不当性——让虚拟财产永远待在虚拟世界》进行了系统的辩论和批评。为避免对读者产生误导,倡导游戏产业健康发展,此文再次阐述笔者对虚拟财产的基本观点:虚拟物品和虚拟财产的划分不科学,游戏商和玩家都是虚拟财产的主体。虚拟财产没有客观性和现实性,它在现实世界中不具有任何效用性。虚拟财产也不具有稀缺性,更不能在现实世界中流转。游戏只是娱乐,不是劳动,虚拟财产作为整个游戏软件的组成部分,不应该另行卖钱。用虚拟财产兑换现实货币违反价值规律和价值交换规则,虚拟交易属于干扰金融秩序的违法行为,保护虚拟财产将会给社会带来极大危害,应让虚拟财产永远待在虚拟世界。     

保护竞争而不保护竞争者?——对主流反垄断法观点的审视

"保护竞争而不是竞争者"被奉为反垄断法的原则。受此影响,我国反垄断法的宗旨中并不包括保护竞争者。"保护竞争而不是竞争者"被误读,通过将其还原到原始文本之中、联系上下文来考察其真正含义后,并不能得出"不保护竞争者"的结论。从反垄断法的价值体系来看,"保护竞争者"和"保护竞争"属于不同层次的价值目标,二者并不矛盾。"保护竞争而不是竞争者"最初在审理企业并购案件中提出,即便在经营者集中制度中适用,也不能任意扩展到反垄断法的其他制度,因为从垄断协议和滥用市场支配地位制度来看,对"竞争者"的保护是其必然要求。     

从政治概念到法律命题——对“以人为本”的法律及其方法的几点构想

马克思主义法学理论之精髓不仅在于其建构的力量,更在于其批判的精神。就当代中国马克思主义＂以人为本＂的法律观而言,它要求法律把自己的根基建立在常人生活和常人的伦理实践之中。它的适用不应局限于研究一条具体的法律规则,而要以生活世界之伦理法则为法律的基本原则,沟通制度与生活的两界,把法律作为一项追求＂正直＂美德的整体人类事业来实施、发展和完善。     

鉴定人出庭作证新论——兼论新《刑事诉讼法》的相关条款

近年来,刑事诉讼中诸多冤假错案暴露出有瑕疵的鉴定意见造成法官对案件事实认定错误的问题,使鉴定人不出庭现象备受指摘,各方要求鉴定人出庭的呼声不绝于耳。然而,鉴定人出庭作证必须以案件具备其出庭必要性为前提,在鉴定意见质证机制尚未完善之前,如若忽视质证效果而一味强调鉴定人出庭,无异于叶公好龙。深刻洞察制约鉴定人出庭之因素,理性评估出庭作证之效果,客观认识质证功能虚化之成因,才能有助于鉴定意见的审查判断,科学构建鉴定人出庭作证的机制。     

古代罗马与古代儒家的抵抗权思想比较

在中国法治建设中需要积极恢复与倡导人权和抵抗权精神,进一步将各项法律中规定的抵抗权(抵制权)落实到位。在此方面,对罗马公法的抵抗权原理与儒家法文化传统的抵抗权精神进行比较研究具有重要的理论价值和现实意义,主要体现为人民主权论与民本民胜论、良心博爱论与自然人权论、道法天刑论与自然法思想、批判暴政与抵抗不义的比较研究。     

Bushwhacking the Ethical High Road: Conflict of Interest in the Practice of Law and Real Life

A long‐standing scholarly tradition regards professions, in general, and ethics rules, in particular, as “projects” of market control. It is no surprise, critics charge, that in the latest assault on the monopoly of the American legal profession–waged by multidisciplinary professional service firms–lawyers are hiding behind their ethics rules to protect their turf. In this article, I report on an extensive empirical study of conflict of interest in private legal practice and look comparatively at other fiduciaries, among them, accountants, psychotherapists, physicians, journalists, and academics. I investigate the role of ethics rules that seek to insure fiduciary loyalty in structuring the delivery of services. How does social and institutional change, roiling the fiduciary world, threaten disinterestedness and loyalty and how, if at all, do fiduciaries respond? How is the regulation of conflict of interest accomplished? Where are the conflicts rules most likely to be honored or ignored? What incentive structures encourage compliance? What are the costs and unexpected consequences of compliance? What is foregone? And is it all worth it? In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?     

障碍与释疑:反垄断法适用于银行业的理论澄清

法律适用的明晰是开展法律规制实践的必要前提。虽然反垄断法的适用障碍表现出法律效力的"自我否定"倾向,但是这种制度设计源于对行业发展规律和合理规则方法的尊重。伴随市场经济的发展和管制行业的开放浪潮,反垄断法适用障碍具有主客观两方面的消弭倾向,其适用范围不断扩张。市场化进程的推进使得作为垄断性行业的银行业逐渐回归市场竞争的发展本质,"新型"的反垄断规制和"传统"的金融规制也会因此产生此消彼长的态势转变。《反垄断法》适用于银行业的实然逻辑在于既有法律规则范畴下的解释合法性、银行业市场发展演变的行业合理性以及我国反垄断规制发展脉络下的可期待性。     

Three faces of justice: Competing ethical paradigms in forensic psychiatry

Respect for justice has traditionally been an essential principle of health care ethics. However, many bioethical accounts of justice focus only on distributive justice, and how resources for health care should be allocated. In this article, I will argue that the practice of forensic mental health care requires clinicians to engage with justice in three additional and different ways: justice as liberty and fairness; retributive justice and protection of the vulnerable; and justice as the promotion of virtue. I will argue that British forensic psychiatry favours retributive and protective justice; in contrast to a libertarian approach to forensic practice in the United States. I discuss how respect for justice as support for virtue complements therapeutic work with offenders, which aims at the development of pro‐social character. I will conclude that without respect for justice as virtue, there is a danger that clinical forensic psychiatry risks doing harm to patients and bringing the profession into disrepute.     

China's stance on the Google/Motorola merger: Implications for competition in intellectual property-intensive sectors

China's merger enforcement agency approved the Google/Motorola merger with conditions. This pattern of approval is not in full accordance with that in other jurisdictions, including the United States and the European Union, which made unconditional approvals. This contradiction attracted ample criticism; some critics believe that China's policy is designed to protect domestic industry. In investigating the Chinese merger agency's decision and the basis for its decision making, this article finds that much of the criticism is groundless and misleading because the critics have failed to incorporate all elements of the global value chain of mobile intelligent terminals into their analyses. The investigation also shows that, although the decision makers are less experienced, their decisions are based on Chinese competition law and market realities. It is important for international firms to be aware of this pattern in merger analysis.     

To What Extent are Cost Savings Passed on to Consumers? An Oligopoly Approach

Competition policy often asks whether a “fair share” of the benefits from cost savings obtained through mergers or agreements is passed on to the consumers. We assess the factorsthat determine cost pass-on in some partial-equilibrium oligopoly models, and show that, although the strength of the pass-on varies from one situation to another, there are some rules of thumb that give a first approximation of the pass-on rate. We also show that, contrary to common belief and to what is written about the subject in the European Commission's guidelines on the application of Article 81(3), in most circumstances cost pass-on does not depend on the price elasticity of demand nor on the market share of the cost saver, and that with competition the pass-on of firm-specific cost savings is weaker than without. JEL Classification: C72 (non-cooperative games), D43 (oligopoly), L40 (antitrust policy)     

治理贿赂犯罪国际公约立法发展及其启示

从上世纪70年代开始,经过三个阶段的发展,国际社会形成了以保障市场经济公平竞争秩序理念为指导、以打击行贿行为为主要策略、以加强商业组织治理为发展方向的国际公约立法体系,充分反映出市场经济下贿赂犯罪立法治理的基本规律。相比之下,中国贿赂犯罪立法治理存在理念较为滞后、治理策略相对简单、治理对象较为单一的问题,在未来中国贿赂犯罪治理改革中,有必要汲取国际社会贿赂犯罪治理之经验,及时调整相关立法理念和策略,以适应国内市场经济发展及世界市场竞争之需求。     

Company Liability and Competition Law: Exposure of Company to Risk of Undesirable Behaviour of Directors

In order to protect the objectives of competition policy, companies as undertakings are primarily targeted for the competition law infringements based on the mixed approach of compliance and deterrence theories relying on the view that company directors are incentivised to comply with the rules of competition law by the internal compliance programmes and corporate fines are the consequences of incompliance. This enforcement strategy gives rise to a tension between corporate governance, company law and competition law, as the former two focus on the behaviour of individuals within the corporate structure, while the latter concerns the impact of the company’s behaviour in the market. The question that arises in this tension is whether or to what extent competition law actually considers the way in which the company is run internally while it seeks to promote these primary objectives. This article analyses the deterrent effectiveness of primary enforcement strategy employed in the UK competition law regime and argues that competition law does not tend to localise the source of conduct or particular decisions and does not aim to correct the right wrongdoer. Despite that lack of effectiveness of public enforcement strategy to deter further anti-competitive behaviour has led individual sanctions to be introduced by the Enterprise Act 2002 and the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 in the UK, companies are still primarily targeted by corporate fines even though directors have intentionally breached the rules of competition law and this strategy is unlikely to deter directors from engaging with undesirable behaviour which exposes the company to risk of liability and loss.

     

经济民主与社会正义——竞争法的深层底蕴

竞争法的价值追求不应该止于传统的自由和竞争理念,还应当审视自由和竞争之后的深层价值追求:经济民主和社会正义。经济民主是指经济领域内的民主。经济民主理念促使竞争法突破竞争者中心主义,关注多元主体的参与机制,突破禁令模式走向限制强势与扶助弱势相结合的机制。社会正义在经济领域具有特殊的涵义。由于自由竞争无法满足社会正义的要求,需要由政府等公共权力作为社会公意的代言人。政府应从社会正义原则的要求出发在遵循辅助性原则和民主性原则的前提下,为市场竞争制定有效的规范,维护弱势经济主体的基本利益。     

Economic and legal analysis of medical ethics

In the last decade, the antityrust authorities have stricken one after another of the ethical rules of professional societies. Underlying this pokicy is the widelyaccepted notion that ethics are simply devices designed by the professions to limit competition and thereby to benefit their pecuniary interests. The antitrust assault does not consider the longstanding, nearly universal consumer support for controls on the activities of certain professions. In this paper, the narrow view ofcompetition adopted by the courts is assailed. Focusing on the case ofrestrictions on interactions between physicians and other nonmedical health care providers, some procompetitive effects of medical ethics are analyzed. Generally, professional ethics can only change the form of competition but not eliminate it. A proper legal policy requires recognition of the consumer concern with the form of competition and therefore requires a careful balancing of the beneficial competitive effects against any attendant limits on intraprofessional competition.     

论社会主义和谐社会语境中的当代民法文化建构

社会主义和谐社会的当代内涵及法治价值目标影响着民法文化的内涵与特质。在构建我国社会主义和谐社会的过程中,建构当代民法文化具有必然性但也存在现实障碍。要建构好社会主义和谐社会民法文化必须采取两项对策:在努力建设社会主义市场经济的过程中,大力倡导自由主义精神,建立并完善市民社会;以民法文化的基本理念净化传统文化与道德,建构一种融传统文化与道德和民法文化于一体的、具有中国特色的社会主义和谐社会的新型民法文化。     

New Directions in EC Competition Policy: The Case of Merger Control

Abstract:  This article examines two new directions of EC competition law, by taking the example of Merger Control. The first is factual, since the Commission has accepted an increased role for economic analysis under the new Regulation. The second examines the role that EC competition law could play in the achievement of the Lisbon Strategy objectives. At present, both directions interact with one another, as the importance and the aims of competition rules depend to a large extent on the economic theory when applying legal rules. Traditionally, the EU has rejected the creation of an industrial policy that is considered to be inefficient. But the intensification of international competition has to induce the EU to open up the debate in relation to the meaning to be attributed to a 'European industrial strategy'. To accomplish a 'dynamic and competitive' European economy, current policies, mainly competition policy, should consider taking into account international competitiveness by resolving the question of the economic theoretical context used to review mergers.     

司法权威·法官规训·制度网络——对法官角色的一种法社会学分析

现代法治社会中,法官充当着社会治理的重要角色,而实现良善的治理效果却是以"治理"法官为基础的.在现代社会对法官的治理主要是通过知识规训、体制规训、道德规训等多个层面来进行的,而我国传统家国式的治理模式,行政与司法合为一体,法官不仅没有获致应有的权威性,而且治理法官的机制也存在着诸多弊端.因此,当前我国应该通过多重规训机制的综合来逐渐调和司法职业化与生活化、法官精英化与法院官僚化之间的现实冲突.     

市场经济与法治伦理的契合:商法伦理机制论纲

法治和伦理是共同承托和推动市场经济发展的两个互相依存、彼此渗透的巨轮.作为调整市场经济关系中商人及其商事活动法律规范总和的商法.不但具有强烈的技术性特点,而且同时也体现出浓厚的伦理性特质.频繁发生的商业欺诈行为和愈演愈烈的商业失信行为,促使我们不得不对既往的商事立法模式进行认真的反思,由此可以得出的结论是:过分偏重技术性规范并非是完善我国商法制度的唯一途径.我国未来商法制度的构建,不但要考虑通过强化法律规范设计的合理性从而提高商法制度的竞争力,而且还必须充分关注商法制度所赖以建构和运行的伦理基础.只有将商法的技术性规范和商法伦理机制有机结合起来,才能真正奠定市场经济健康有序发展的良好基石.     

法律论证的共荣性正义标准探究

正义可区分为共荣性正义和优先性正义。但是,对于正义标准应该是什么的问题,迄今仍然没能得到解决。本文仅探究共荣性正义标准问题。这一问题的解决,目前主要有两条路径。其一是以人性为依据的理论路径。但是,以何种人性为依据,人们充满争议,而且合乎人性的未必是正确的,这使得这一理论路径难以实现其目的。其二是德性伦理理论路径。但是,它们以之为依据的善或善人,要么是不具有公共的正当性,要么是没有被清楚的界定,因而不能满足法律论证的要求。基于此,依据共同善特别是人类的繁荣,德性法律论证理论建立起了立法和司法论证的共荣性正义标准,并以此为基础,对泸州情妇遗嘱案进行了评析。