认知询问技术的理论与实践述评

认知询问技术是一种科学实用的侦查询问手段,这一技术自其产生便受到司法实践部门的高度重视,在英美法系一些国家有着广泛的应用并得到不断修正。其理论基础源于认知心理学的编码特性理论与记忆多元视角性理论,主要内容包含四个记忆提取规则和若干辅助技术。近期的研究发现受询问者的视觉图像表征、精神状态、情绪唤醒水平以及询问前不当干预等因素对认知询问效果有着较大的影响。实践应用表明,认知询问技术对于包括成人、儿童以及老人在内不同人群都有良好的记忆提取效果,这一技术从测量学角度讲具有较高的信度与效度。但是,从英美法系国家实践应用角度看,仍然存在一定的缺陷与不足,如认知询问技术执行较为困难,并且有些方面仍然存在争议,因而亟待进一步的修正与完善。     

人是理性的吗?——来自推理与决策心理学中的争论

当代认知心理学研究发现,人们的推理、判断和决策行为常常偏离形式逻辑、概率和决策理论等规范原理,表现出系统的认知偏差。研究者对认知偏差及其实验研究的不同理解引发了一场持续至今的关于人类理性的争论。悲观论者认为系统认知偏差意味着人们的思维能力存在规范性缺陷,认知偏差研究为人类理性提供了否证性证据。乐观论者从理解问题、规范理论问题和外部效度问题等方面为人类理性进行辩护。两种理性观则把人类理性区分为个人取向与非个人取向两种,试图消解悲观论和乐观论之间的矛盾。     

论行政争议——兼论行政争议与民事争议之区分

行政争议作为行政诉讼制度的核心概念 ,是行政诉讼与民事诉讼、刑事诉讼的根本不同之处 ,如何界定与判定行政争议则是行政诉讼理论中的一个基本问题。本文在公私法二元分立理论背景之下指出行政争议是行政主体在行使公权力过程中与相对人 (公民、法人和其他组织 )之间发生的、依据公法可以解决的争议 ,并以主体、公权力、权利义务等因素作为判断行政争议的标准。提出了从制度层面增加“行政争议”的概括性规定和设立权限争议的解决机制两点建议。     

人的理性为法律立“法” ——凯尔森的法律认识论及其现实意义

凯尔森的法律认识论复制了康德的哥白尼式革命，在法律领域完成人的理性为法律立“法”的创新。他在继承第一批判与当时欧洲法律思想的问题意识的基础上，追问法律知识何以可能，法律科学何以可能。为此，他对主体的理论理性与法律认识展开反思与批判，从感性认识、知性范畴及其先验演绎、图型、知性原理及其运用等方面建立起完整的法律认识论。法律认识论在今天仍有生命力，影响着法律发展、法律知识评价、法律与科技等内容。尤其在社科法学与法教义学之间的理论对话中，凯尔森的法律认识论能够为双方在研究对象、知识的科学性等问题上的争议做出公允评断，指明发展方向。     

阐明心理理论机制的新途径——来自镜像神经元研究的证据

近10年来,大量电生理数据证实了非人灵长类脑中存在镜像神经元.这些神经元无论是在观察同类执行某一动作还是自己执行这一动作时都会被激发.这种镜像机制可以作为一种联系自我和他人之间的桥梁,参与到其他多种社会认知能力中(如意图的理解、模仿、共情、语言以及心理理论等).目前诸多实验证据都基于一个共同的前提假设,即人脑中也可能存在一个类似的"镜像神经元系统",因此镜像神经元的研究对于阐明心理理论的脑神经机制及其相关的元理论预设(理论论、模仿论和模块论)显得意义重大.文章回顾这个前提假设,分析讨论了其作为心理理论神经基础的各种实验证据,总结了该领域存在的问题并对今后研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

我国人事争议处理受案范围的再调整 兼论人事争议与劳动争议的合理定位与分工

人事争议处理制度在我国较早前即已存在,但以仲裁和诉讼作为主要救济手段的人事争议处理制度则在近些年才正式浮出水面。在迅速发展的同时.这项制度目前也面临着诸多在理论上急需澄清以及在实务中亟待解决的问题,其中首当其冲的一个重大课题便是如何合理地确定其受案范围。由于现今各种法源对人事争议处理受案范围的规定内容各不相同甚至互相矛盾,特别是仲裁与诉讼之间没有实现充分的衔接,这些问题已给人事争议处理工作的顺利开展带来了诸多妨碍和困惑。有鉴于此,笔者认为从源头上厘清人事争议的理论定位及其合理边界,并对现有人事争议仲裁和诉讼的受案范围进行再调整,殊为必要。     

加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力的发展

以243名10-18岁儿童为被试,研究了加工速度和工作记忆与儿童心算能力发展的关系.验证性因素分析表明,加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力之间存在显著的相关.结构方程建模表明这种显著相关的实质在于三者之间可能存在一个递进式发展过程,即工作记忆能力几乎可完全解释儿童心算能力的发展变化,而加工速度可解释2/3的工作记忆能力的发展变化.这表明工作记忆是心算能力发展的基础,而加工速度可能是工作记忆能力发展的基础,但后者尚需要进一步验证.     

明知、特别认知与刑法归责

刑法主观主义与客观主义的立场之争,在不法论上表现为行为人的主观不法与行为的客观不法之对立,由此刑法归责的对象也一直在行为人与行为(包括结果和行为)之间徘徊辗转。罗克辛教授和雅科布斯教授虽然在归责理论体系存在差异,但在不法论上都坚持把重心放在客观构成要件方面,但是特别认知问题的存在,使得客观归责理论如芒刺在背。审视罗克辛教授在特别认知问题上的相关阐述,其可能存在如下几个问题:客观归责不"客观";故意判断客观化的实质是意欲要素客观化、不要论;法益保护立场指导的风险概念及其判断空洞化、实质化;客观归责理论自身缺陷导致解读结论差异化,体系自洽性和逻辑性仍然存在缺陷和不足。而针对特别认知问题,雅科布斯教授的角色理论、团结义务以及保证人地位等阐述不仅存在与罗克辛教授客观归责理论本质上相同的不足之处,也在评价规范依据、不作为义务的性质与范围界定、具体的适用规则等方面存有可质疑或商榷之处。置于我国刑法理论语境下,从明知这一角度考察,基于明知内容、程度等内涵的分析,并从刑法处罚范围、归责的责任分配和归责效果等方面综合考虑,对特别认知者不进行刑法归责为妥。     

入境发展黑社会组织罪争议问题初探

1997年的新刑法增设了入境发展黑社会组织罪。然而,如何理解与适用此罪的规定,在理论与实践中仍存在异议,本文将从该罪在客观方面、主体等方面的争议问题进行论述。     

利用影响力受贿罪疑难问题研究

利用影响力受贿罪的构成要件设置比较复杂。当前,对该罪主体即关系密切人的范围如何确定,主观方面是否需对谋取不正当利益明知,客观方面有哪些行为方式以及利用影响力受贿与共同受贿、斡旋受贿、行贿、介绍贿赂如何区分,如何准确判断利用影响力受贿既遂未遂等问题,理论研究和司法实践中一直存在较大争议,亟需予以研究解决。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

当前广东拐卖妇女儿童犯罪的特点、原因及对策

近年来,广东一些地区拐卖妇女儿童犯罪屡禁不绝,愈演愈烈.拐卖妇女儿童犯罪是一种十分野蛮的犯罪活动,它严重侵害了妇女儿童最基本的人身权利,极大地危害了社会秩序,败坏了社会风气.本文通过分析其犯罪特点及原因,进一步提出相应对策.     

Elderly widows and widowers and their coresidents in late 19th- and early 20th-century England and Wales

This article examines the family and household patterns of widowers and widows in England and Wales between 1891 and 1921 in terms of the proportion of widowers and widows who lived with never- or ever-married children, servants, or inmates, with nonrelatives only, or on their own. The absence of marked change between 1891 and 1921 in the frequency with which elderly widowers and widows lived with a married or never-married child are in line with the Laslett [J. Fam. Hist. 12 (1987) 263.] expectation that family patterns evolve only slowly, certainly much slower than the forces of political and economic change. Where changes can be detected, as in the decline in frequency of coresidence with servants or inmates, these changes were experienced by the younger as well as the older widowed and by married people. Apparently, the residence patterns of the elderly widowed changed due to the introduction of means-tested old-age pensions in 1910. A second investigated is the extent to which the socioeconomic environment influenced the residence patterns of the widowed in a given time period. The effect in general proves to be weak with little difference between one environment and another in the frequency with which widowers coresided with their children and evidence of gender balancing of the household (relatively more widows living with sons and more widowers with daughters) visible only in agricultural environments.     

全球化与法理学的变革和更新

全球化进程深刻地改变着法的存在方式、价值取向和发展方向 ,也必然引起法理学的理论变革与更新。本文以法律本体论、法律价值观、法律人格观、法律发展观、法治观等五个法理学的基本论题为主题 ,分析或展望全球化所可能引起的法理学的理论变革和更新。     

Up and Down,Old and New: Values and Value Systems of MPs and Voters in France

MPs are often criticised as being homogeneous. This is well known in terms of social background or gender, but the criticism also holds for values and norms. MPs are said to share normative agreements on the essential points and demonstrate differences on second-order issues. This criticism is even more widespread regarding the new politics based on the cultural divide, notably vis-à-vis politicians from the extreme right as far as immigration, European integration or globalisation are concerned. In this contribution, these criticisms are addressed by investigating the degree of normative agreements and disagreements of French MPs. Furthermore, the differences both in old and new politics between MPs on the one hand and the electorate as a whole and their supporters on the other hand are evaluated. It is concluded that MPs are definitely not all the same and the degrees of difference among MPs or with the electorate are far from being those expected.     

论抵押与留置担保权的竞合条件及其效力

抵押权与留置权在同一标的物并存的情况下,哪一个应优先受偿的问题,是一个重要然而在法律中尚未明确的问题。本文提出并论证了抵押权与留置权在同一标的上竞合而主体不同的状态下,留置权应优先于抵押权受偿的观点。     

Habermas and Deleuze on Law and Adjudication

This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue, involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.

Crime Volume and Law and Order Culture

The literature on public opinion about crime and justice has neglected the exploration of macro‐ or community‐level influences on individual‐level attitudes. A key macrofactor that may be related to individual level attitudes is the volume of violent crime. High crime rates can facilitate the development of a culture of “law and order,” a response that may be a practical or instrumental attempt to control crime. The present paper tests the hypothesis that persons residing in nations marked by a high volume of crime will be more likely to adhere to elements of a law and order culture. It employs data from the International Social Science Program (N = 15,024). Controls are taken from major theoretical perspectives on public opinion about crime as well as demographic factors. The results from a hierarchical linear model support the hypothesis that individuals residing in nations with high crime rates are more likely than others to support law and order ideologies. The findings extend the support for this relationship from research based on the US alone to other industrialized societies.     

International aid,trade and investment and access and allocation

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - The access to goods and their allocation (who gets what, when, where and how) is one of the analytical problems of the 2009...