An economic view of food deserts in the united states

Considerable policy and academic attention has been focused on the topic of food deserts. We consider this topic from an economic perspective. First, we consider how the components of a standard economic analysis apply to the study of food deserts. Second, using this economic lens, we revisit the empirical literature on food deserts to assess the progress that has been made regarding whether food deserts are problematic in the U.S. Overall, despite several studies documenting the existence of food deserts in local areas, shortcomings in available data have not allowed researchers to convincingly document the presence or absence of food deserts on a national scale, and virtually no research has provided insight as to why food deserts might exist. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

2008年哈尔滨市会展业发展分析及未来走势预测

会展业作为第三产业中的重要组成部分,在经济社会中的作用日渐突出。加速会展业的发展,对不断调整产业结构,促进城市经济进步,实现经济的“绿色发展”意义重大。本文对2008年哈尔滨会展业的发展状况、呈现特点、发展水平及存在的问题进行了较为深入的探讨研究,并有针对性的提出了一些建议。     

Nation states vs. united empire: Effects of political competition on economic growth

Is political fragmentation, i.e., nation states, more favorable to economic growth than political unification, i.e., a united empire? This study develops an endogenous-growth model to analyze the growth effects of fragmentation versus unification. Under unification, the economy is vulnerable to excessive Leviathan taxation and possibly subject to the costs of unifying heterogeneous populations. Under fragmentation, the competing rulers are constrained in taxation but spend excessively on military defense. If capital mobility is above (below) a threshold, then fragmentation (unification) would favor growth, and this threshold is increasing in the degree of defense competition and decreasing in the costs of heterogeneity.     

Population growth rate of one percent in the year 2000: an unattainable target

The author demonstrates the unattainability of Mexico's population policy target of reducing the natural increase rate to one percent by the end of this century. In order to reach this goal, the net reproduction rate would have to decrease to significantly below replacement level, or 0.667; this would produce dramatic changes in the age structure as well. The policy's objectives are also analyzed in terms of the extent of family planning necessary to reach the target growth rate.     

犯罪中止"自动性"的认定标准

根据我国刑法的规定,犯罪中止是指在犯罪过程中自动放弃犯罪或自动有效的防止犯罪结果的发生;它是与犯罪预备、未遂相并列的犯罪未完成形态。犯罪中止具有时空性、自动性、有效性、彻底性等特征,有些学者也称之为条件。其中自动性是犯罪中止的本质特征,也是犯罪中止区别于犯罪未遂的根本标志。但是对于自动性的认定标准,国内外却存在许多的学说,主要有主观说、限定主观说客观说等。本文主要是通过对各种自动性认定标准的优缺点及可行性进行分析,从而为我国的司法实践作贡献。     

The crime effect of refugees

We analyze the impact on crime of millions of refugees who entered and stayed in Turkey as a result of the civil war in Syria. Using a novel administrative data source on the flow of offense records to prosecutors’ offices in 81 provinces of the country each year, and utilizing the staggered movement of refugees across provinces over time, we estimate instrumental variables models that address potential endogeneity of the number of refugees and their location and find that an increase in the number of refugees leads to more crime. We estimate that the influx of refugees between 2012 and 2016 generated additional 75,000 to 150,000 crimes per year, although it is not possible to identify the distribution of these crimes between refugees and natives. Additional analyses reveal that a low-educated native population has a separate, but smaller, effect on crime. Our results underline the need to quickly strengthen the social safety systems, to take actions to dampen the impact on the labor market, and to provide support to the criminal justice system for mitigating the repercussions of massive influx of individuals into a country, and to counter the social and political backlash that typically emerges in the wake of such large-scale population movements.     

Budget Rhetoric in Presidential Campaigns from 1952 to 2000

We offer a theory to identify the determinants of presidential campaign rhetoric related to the federal budget. The theory builds on the literature dealing with issue ownership, candidate strategy, retrospective voting, and voter preferences to generate eight hypotheses about the use of budget rhetoric. To test these hypotheses, over 800 campaign speeches from the major party presidential nominees from 1952 to 2000 are content analyzed. The content analysis generates measures of both the volume and tone of budget rhetoric. Volume is driven primarily by the objective balance of the budget and subjective importance given to it by voters and a conditional effect involving budget balance, incumbency, and partisanship. Tone is more complex, with positive rhetoric determined mostly by the budget balance and partisanship and overstated rhetoric shaped solely by the salience of the budget to the electorate. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.     

重大责任事故罪的主观方面

重大责任事故罪是实践中的多发罪、常见罪,主要探讨该罪的主观方面,认为重大责任事故罪的主观方面应为过失,排除故意。同时,在追究重大责任事故责任人的时候,应该引入监督过失的概念,以利于加强监督者的责任感,促使其认真履行职责。     

建议刑法增设"性贿赂"罪

性贿赋古已有之，危害性极大，其影响并不亚于财产贿赂，刑法应尽快增加此犯罪规定，才能有效打击和遏制性贿赂行为。透过当今社会存在的官场腐败新景观——性贿赂现象，从性贿赂的现状和危害谈起，论述增设性贿赂罪的必要性，以及如何通过立法加以惩治。     

从社会性别视角探析女性犯罪增多的原因

造成女性犯罪的原因是多方面的。教育、就业、参政等方面存在的性别不平等,削弱了女性追求其人生价值的合法途径的取得,增强了社会能量的紧张程度,加之制度规范的缺陷不能有效化解这种紧张,致使女性犯罪增多。减少女性犯罪需要减少性别不平等现象,改革不合理的社会性别制度。     

美国的新保守主义

新保守主义是西方国家中的一股政治思潮。新保守主义不但对美国国内的政治生活产生了巨大的冲击,而且也对美国外交政策的制定及其全球战略产生了深远的影响。但是,由于新保守主义本身理论的狭隘加上外部世界和自由主义的抵制,其作用必然有一个限度。     

The future of the JCPOA

Following the United States' withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, Tehran is unlikely to stay in the agreement merely to maintain the moral high ground, without economic and geopolitical gains. But even if it withdraws from the deal, Tehran may judge actual advancement of its nuclear capability strategically imprudent.