Morphological pattern of palatal rugae in children of Davangere

The aim of this study was to identify and compare the rugae pattern between males and females of two different communities in the city of Davangere, Karnataka, India, which may be an additional method of identification in cases of crimes or communal riots. Elastomeric impressions of the maxillary arch of 100 selected children were made; casts were poured in Type IV stone. The method of identification of rugae pattern followed was that of Lysell and Thomas and Kotze, which includes the number, shape, direction, and unification of rugae. The study revealed no significant difference in the total number or length of rugae between the two communities and sexes. However, with regard to shape and unification, females showed a significantly higher diverging rugae type while males had a significant number of circular and converging type of rugae. Also, discrimination function analysis allowed a moderate differentiation of the population. Hence, the rugae pattern can be an additional method of differentiation in conjunction with the other methods such as visual, fingerprints, and dental characteristics in forensic sciences.     

HLA-DRB1位点的PCR-SSP分型在亲子鉴定中的应用研究

应用PCR－SSP（PCRamplificationwithsequencespecificprimer）方法将HLAⅡ类DRB1位点基因分型应用于亲权鉴定。对42例亲子鉴定案例进行分析研究的结果表明,本方法简单、快速、结果可靠,且具有较高的非父排除概率（66．3％）,不仅适用于法医学亲手鉴定和个人识别,亦可应用于移植配型、HLA相关疾病及人类遗传学研究。     

The use of chromosomes in paternity actions

The authors performed paternity investigations for many years by the order of the court and on this basis they give expert opinion in discussed paternity cases. In recent years opinion was given with the help of chromosome studies in cases where neither blood group nor anthropology investigations were decisive. From a couple of hundred persons the thickening of the heterochromatic part of the chromosomes studied by C-band methods is evaluated (1, 9, 16, Y) and (within this) the occurrence of total or partial inversion is observed. The frequency of polymorphism was studied among the chromosomes investigated by the C-band technique. From these data the authors aimed at deducing exact relationship: and forming the most exact possible expert's opinion in this problem which is of social significance as well.     

亲子关系诉讼中的亲子鉴定推定及其改革

最高人民法院于2011年创制的亲子鉴定推定以实现亲子确认诉讼的确定性解决为目标,主要的缺陷是模糊了举证证明责任制度的程序地位、与举证证明责任的程序功能相悖、适用条件模糊。作为其理论依据的证明妨碍理论难以为亲子鉴定推定提供正当性,事实上域外很少有采用亲子鉴定推定的立法,即使个别采亲子鉴定推定立法例的国家,司法中对之的适用也非常谨慎。应对亲子确认诉讼中,当事人一方拒绝配合协助鉴定的情况,可以坚持直接强制为原则,并辅之鉴定材料的替代获取。     

SNPs in paternity investigation: The simple future

Based on the 52 SNP-plex developed by the SNPforID Consortium, we designed two 10-plex to study single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for human identification and to establish its usefulness in paternity casework. This 20 autosomal SNP set was studied in 56 paternity investigation cases from South Portuguese resident population, also analyzed with 17 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). Results obtained with both methodologies were consistent with each other, except for one case where the alleged father could not be excluded by SNPs. No mutation was found in the SNP loci, whereas a mismatch in STRs was detected. The use of SNPs as a complement to the analysis of autosomal STRs in paternity casework can result in paternity index and paternity probability values equivalent or higher than those obtained with more STR loci, but with lower costs. This study shows that instead of using additional STR loci, the analysis of 20 autosomal SNPs, as a complement technique to standard methodologies, is an appealing alternative in paternity investigation cases.     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展，为人类福祉的增进，提供无限广阔的前景，人类辅助生殖技术即属其一，它在造福人类的同时，也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析，对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展,为人类福祉的增进,提供无限广阔的前景,人类辅助生殖技术即属其一,它在造福人类的同时,也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析,对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

PowerPlex~(TM) 16体系在亲子鉴定中的应用评估

目的 评估PowerPlexTM16体系在亲子鉴定中的检验能力。方法 以633例亲子鉴定案例为基础,调查PowerPlexTM16体系15个STR基因座的群体遗传学数据资料,并对该体系在亲子鉴定中的排除能力及遗传稳定性进行评估。结果 879名无关个体共检出197个等位基因,739种基因型,累计个体识别力为1×10-30,累计非父排除率为0.999999999999987。633例亲子鉴定案件中有95例确定为排除亲权,平均排除指标为6个。18例表现出1个STR基因座突变的现象,1例表现出2个STR基因座突变的现象。结论 PowerPlexTM16体系应用于亲子鉴定是高效、可靠的。     

Genomic "dactyloscopy" in the expertise of disputed paternity and the determination of biological relationship

Genome "dactyloscopy" (DNA fingerprinting) is a principally new way of personal identification based on analysis of human genetic material (DNA); the difference in DNA structure of different subjects is the scientific basis of this method. This ensures opportunity to estimate biological relationship of persons positively. The authors were the first to demonstrate using certain expert material the adequacy and potentials of DNA fingerprinting by M 13 probe for medicolegal expert practice in most complicated cases of relationship determination requiring positive identification of paternity and maternity.     

Motherless case in paternity testing

In paternity test using the DNA evidence, the analysis of the deficient case that the DNA profiles of mother or alleged father are not available is different from that of the trio case analyzed routinely. However, the motherless case that the genotypes of mother is not available has been requested and analyzed like the trio case. In this paper, we compared the motherless case and the trio case through the mean exclusion chance describing the probability of exclusion for a genetic marker system and the distribution of the probability of paternity calculated using the three current methods. We have also shown a case which can be falsely discriminated if it were requested in the analysis of the motherless case, and conclude that the analysis of the motherless case should be carefully conducted and the level for the discrimination should be different from that of the trio case.     

2例亲权鉴定案中的嵌合体STR谱分析

先天性基因嵌合体由遗传获得，是胚胎早期两个不同受精卵相互混合或血管交叉吻合继而发育成的一个包含两套（种）不同细胞系的个体。分为血型嵌合体（twin chimeras）和全身器官组织嵌合体（whole body chimerasl两种。本文通过两例亲权鉴定中发现的男性先天性嵌合体及其家族成员常染色体、性染色体的STR谱遗传分析，探讨先天性基因嵌合体的类型、发生、基因嵌合现象在不同组织中的表现及其作为证据可能在法庭科学调查中存在的风险。分析结果表明，两例男性Y—STR单倍型显示正常，分别与其男性家族成员Y—STR单倍型一致。但其在常染色体和X染色体上的STR基因表现嵌合现象，分别是在胚胎发育早期由男性-女性、男性-男性的异卵双生子发生融合并发育而成的的全身器官组织嵌合体。嵌合体上不同来源组织的STR等位基因强度显示不均衡状态。     

The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination in the paternity test

The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination may nearly be overlooked in paternity test of one single child, but it is likely encountered in paternity test of twin or more. In a case of paternity test, the results of 17 items including eight DNA loci were analyzed and the phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination was discussed in detail. This phenomenon should be brought into necessary attention in the paternity test.     

The effect of differences in gene frequency on probability of paternity

Knowledge of gene frequencies in populations is required for the calculation of probability of paternity. The question remains open as to the degree of accuracy of gene frequency estimates required to give accurate probability of paternity figures. This is of special concern in the HLA system, which has haplotype frequencies known to vary in populations. This paper presents computer simulation data comparing probability of paternity calculations using HLA data from California and North Carolina. Comparisons were made between geographic regions, and between blacks and whites within a geographic region. It was found that when the absolute probability of paternity is high, the average differences induced were small, but at lower probabilities the changes can be large. Differences were most pronounced between black and white populations. Examples of individual cases are given to illustrate the huge differences that can be induced in some cases by changing gene frequency.     

The expected performance of single nucleotide polymorphism loci in paternity testing

We discuss the utility of single nucleotide polymorphism loci for full trio and mother-unavailable paternity testing cases, in the presence of population substructure and relatedness of putative and actual fathers. We focus primarily on the expected number of loci required to gain specified probabilities of mismatches, and report the expected proportion of paternity indices greater than three threshold values for these loci.     

Improving the point of origin determination in bloodstain pattern analysis

In bloodstain pattern analysis, it is important to know the point of origin (PO) of an impact pattern. This point can be estimated by means of the stringing method, the tangent method, or by commercially available computer programs. In this study, the accuracy of two computer programs was investigated under different conditions. Impact patterns were created by means of a modified mouse trap, and subsequently the PO was calculated. By examining the characteristics of single bloodstains, the influence on the deviation could be determined. To improve the estimation of the PO, it is important to select bloodstains that lie close to the presumable location of the blood source, that are large (width >1.5 mm) and that show an elliptical form. If possible, bloodstains from different walls should be taken into account. Our recommendations may improve the PO determination of impact patterns.