论国际反腐败犯罪的趋势及中国的回应——以《联合国反腐败公约》为参照

从国际反腐败犯罪的历程回顾中可以看出,《联合国反腐败公约》集中体现了国际反腐败犯罪的发展趋势。这种趋势表现为高度重视腐败犯罪问题;主张建立健全的腐败犯罪预防机制;设立严密的腐败犯罪刑事法网;针对腐败犯罪的特点设置特殊的诉讼规则和处罚措施;强调打击腐败犯罪的国际合作;注重腐败犯罪中的资金追回等六个方面。中国应当顺应国际反腐败犯罪趋势,参照《联合国反腐败公约》,从立法与司法两个方面完善反腐败犯罪的刑事法治。     

《联合国反腐败公约》框架下我国反腐败国际合作机制的构建与完善

反腐败国际合作机制是打击跨国腐败犯罪的基本保障。《联合国反腐败公约》对此提出了具体的要求。为此,我国应完善反腐败的国内刑事法律,加强反腐败国际合作的双边立法和合作措施,建立与该公约相衔接的反腐败国际合作机制,以满足我国反腐败实践的迫切需要。     

为建设公平正义廉洁和谐世界作出新贡献

面对跨国、跨地区腐败犯罪愈演愈烈的严峻形势,加强反腐败国际合作已成为世界各国、各地区的强烈愿望。近年来,在联合国、国际反贪局联合会以及有关国际组织的大力推动下,各国、各地区积极开展形式多样、务实有效的反腐败国际合作,在共同打击跨国、跨地区腐败方面取得了重大进展。但我们也要看到,我们还需要进一步提高加强反腐败国际合作的认识并采取更加务实的积极措施。     

我国应对跨国腐败犯罪的问题与对策

<正>近年来,随着经济全球化的加强,腐败犯罪也出现了跨国化的发展趋势。腐败犯罪的跨国化不仅给我国国民经济造成巨大损失,而且为我国腐败犯罪的司法控制提出了严峻的考验和巨大的挑战。对我国而言,研究建立反腐败国际合作机制,是深入开展党风廉政建设和反腐败工作的新要求,是通过国际合作打击腐败犯罪的根本举措,也是构建我国惩治和预防腐败体系的一项基础性工程。尽管我国与许多国家签署了有关引渡、刑事司法     

加强国际合作共同打击腐败犯罪

中国政府历来高度重视打击腐败犯罪活动。20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来,十分注重打击和预防贪污贿赂等腐败犯罪,并已取得有目共睹的显著成效,有效地遏制了腐败犯罪的蔓延。然而,由于中国是一个发展中国家,现阶段处于体制转轨、社会转型时期,诸多社会矛盾相互交织,客观上存在滋生腐败的土壤和条件,腐败现象在一些领域呈现易发多发的态势。同时,随着改革开放的深入推进,腐败犯罪日益呈现国际化的趋势。因此,打击和控制腐败犯罪仍然任重道远,需要进一步加强国际合作,形成国际社会的反腐败合力。一、加强国际合作、共同打击腐败犯罪的重要性…     

论当前国际反腐败领域的执法合作与我国的实践

《联合国反腐败公约》是国际社会控制腐败犯罪最重要的国际刑法公约。公约在第48条＂执法合作＂标题下,对国际反腐败领域的执法合作做出了详细规定。我国执法机关与有关国家执法机关在相互尊重主权和平等互利的前提下,加强务实合作,在反腐败执法合作方面取得了积极进展。     

全球化视野下的国际反腐合作

腐败是当今国际社会所面临的严重挑战之一。近年来腐败犯罪越来越呈现出复杂化、有组织化、跨国化的趋势，腐败问题逐步国际化。单靠一国之力是难以解决腐败这一痼疾的，惟有在《联合国反腐败公约》的框架下，全面加强国际间的反腐合作，才能遏止腐败在全球的蔓延。从全球化视角透视当下腐败产生的原因、存在的类型、表现形式和新的特点以及反腐国际合作的必然要求，就我国在《联合国反腐败公约》框架下进一步加强国际反腐合作的问题提出了建议。     

以国际反贪局联合会为平台共同预防和打击腐败犯罪——最高人民检察院检察长贾春旺在国际反贪局联合会第一次年会暨会员代表大会上的发言

维护和平、促进发展、加强合作、构建和谐世界是各国人民的共同愿望和追求。而腐败犯罪破坏民主与法治，助长有组织犯罪和恐怖主义．危害正常的生活．危及人类社会美好愿景的实现。随着跨国腐败犯罪的不断增多，腐败犯罪与恐怖主义犯罪、毒品犯罪及其他有组织犯罪的交织日趋显著，各国反贪机构携手肃贪已成为必然趋势。为促进反腐败的国际合作，联合国制定了《联合国反腐败公约》，对腐败的预防、腐败犯罪的界定、反腐国际合作、非法资产的追缴等问题提供了一整套法律规范．得到了世界各国的积极响应，迄今已有140个国家签署了这个公约。随着该公约在2005年12月正式生效，其有效执行越来越为各国所关注。各国反贪机构期待有一个独立、专门的组织推动彼此间的沟通，增进务实合作，国际反贪局．联合会正是适应这一需要而成立的。     

建立反腐败国际合作机制是构建惩防体系的基础性工程

党中央颁布的《建立健全教育、制度、监督并重的惩治和预防腐败体系实施纲要》指出:要“建立执法合作、司法协助、人员遣返、涉案资金返还等方面的反腐败国际合作机制。”研究建立反腐败国际合作机制,是深入开展党风廉政建设和反腐败工作的新要求,是通过国际合作打击腐败犯罪的根本举措,也是构建我国惩治和预防腐败体系的一项基础性工程。构建惩治和预防腐败体系的核心是制度建设,而建立反腐败国际合作机制是惩治和预防腐败制度建设中不可或缺的有机组成部分,而且也是十分重要的一部分。如果缺乏国际合作,腐败分子犯罪后即可潜逃国外或将巨…     

联合国反腐败公约与跨国商业贿赂犯罪的法律控制

《联合国反腐败公约》是联合国历史上第一部关于指导国际反腐败斗争的法律文件,它以联合国公约的形式规定了预防、禁止和惩治腐败行为的定罪、刑事司法程序和国际合作,虽然贿赂外国公职人员犯罪只是作为腐败犯罪其中的一种予以规定,但是,探讨《联合国反腐败公约》有关控制腐败的规定,对于完善跨国商业贿赂犯罪的法律控制是极其必要的,也有利于中国进一步健全和完善相关的法律机制。     

Measures and mechanisms to strengthen international cooperation among prosecution services

International cooperation among prosecution services is an urgent necessity and cooperation mechanisms are evolving rapidly to keep pace with new technologies. Their evolution over the last decade or so reflects the new determination of States to work more closely with each other to face the growing threats of organized crime, corruption and terrorism. Because of the dynamic nature of these crimes, Member States must constantly refine and perfect their strategies. Yet, in spite of the considerable progress achieved at the bilateral, regional, and international levels, international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of serious crimes still needs considerable strengthening. This paper reviews some key issues, trends, and innovative practices with respect to both formal and informal international cooperation in criminal matters. It considers some of the practical issues that have recently emerged during the implementation of these measures and strategies as well as some of the solutions that are being advanced.     

反腐败国际合作法律问题探析--兼谈中国对《联合国反腐败公约》的应对

随着世界经济的一体化,腐败对一国经济发展和政治合法性的危害超越了现有的国界,影响着世界的和平与繁荣。许多国家已经认识到,只有充分而全面的国际合作才能有效地控制和惩治腐败,反腐败的国际交流与合作将愈来愈广泛。作为第一项全球性反腐败法律文件——《联合国反腐败公约》的通过,为反腐败国际合作提供了一个新的平台。我们应该转变“各自清扫门前雪”的旧观念,树立反腐败国际合作的新观念,加强在预防和打击腐败方面与各国和国际组织的合作。     

Difficulties Confronted by ICSID Tribunals in Deciding International Investment Corruption Cases and Possible Solutions

The issue of corruption has attracted increasing attention in the study and practice of international investment law during recent years. After taking prudent consideration of the corruption defense invoked by the host states in some international investment arbitration cases involved with corruption, International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals accordingly determined the final awards. However, some parts of the arbitral jurisprudence aroused strong criticism, especially with regard to the ICSID tribunals’ reasoning that arbitrators have no jurisdiction over corruption-tainted international investments. The ICSID tribunals are legitimately supposed to exercise their jurisdiction and are lawfully obliged to probe into the nature of corrupt activities. The tribunals are strongly expected to adopt a balanced approach in deciding the merits and fairly weighing the obligations, rights, and interests of both disputing parties. It is preferable to strengthen the collaborative interaction between ICSID proceedings and domestic anti-corruption enforcement mechanisms when it comes to combating corrupt international investment activities. Existing international treaties (or specific treaty provisions) on combating corruption in international business transactions and calling for international cooperation, alongside domestic anti-corruption enforcement legislation, have actually laid solid legal foundations for the establishment of such an anti-corruption coordinative mechanism between ICSID and domestic corruption regulatory authorities on the global level.     

The limitations of neoliberal logic in the anti-corruption industry: Lessons from Papua New Guinea

To acknowledge concerns about the rising power of the private sector, key international anti-corruption organisations have supported initiatives that emphasise the role that businesses play in corruption. Yet the way these initiatives have impacted the practices and perceptions of anti-corruption organisations in developing countries has received scant attention. As businesses can be key perpetrators of corruption, understanding the way anti-corruption organisations respond to the private sector can highlight the efficacy of anti-corruption efforts. Drawing on interviews with anti-corruption policy makers in Papua New Guinea (PNG) conducted between 2008 and 2009, this article shows how two international anti-corruption organisations perceived and worked with the private sector. It finds that there have been some initiatives designed to address, and raise awareness about private sector corruption in the country, reflecting international trends. At the same time the private sector is viewed, often uncritically, as an anti-corruption champion; this has affected the way anti-corruption organisations engage with businesses operating in the country. This article argues that despite a change in international discourse about the private sector’s role in corruption, in developing countries like PNG, neoliberal logic about the nature of the state still guide anti-corruption activity. These findings have implications for the efficacy of international anti-corruption efforts.     

中国贿赂犯罪立法之缺陷与完善——以适用《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

<联合国反腐败公约>倡导预防为先、打击为主、强调国际合作、重视资产追回的反腐法律理念与制度机制,为各国加强国内的反腐败行动、提高反腐败成效、促进国际反腐败合作提供了国际法律基础和强力支持.参照<公约>有关贿赂犯罪的立法规定,对我国刑事实体法关于贿赂犯罪的立法进行考察,认为我国<刑法>对贿赂犯罪的规定与<公约>的相关规定虽然有着许多相互对应的地方,但二者"形似神离",在贿赂犯罪的主体、贿赂的范围、贿赂犯罪的构成要件、贿赂犯罪处罚的对称性及刑罚配置等方面各不相同.最后提出了完善我国贿赂犯罪立法的七点建议.     

Improving state legitimacy? The role of anti-corruption agencies in fragile and conflict-affected states

Anti-corruption reforms in fragile and conflict-affected states are considered as a policy imperative by international actors engaged in statebuilding. The establishment of anti-corruption agencies is often the preferred implementation strategy. The main rationale is that anti-corruption agencies demonstrate a government’s commitment to fight corruption, and should thus improve state legitimacy within a context of weak governance. In practice, several intervening factors condition the legitimacy effect of anti-corruption agencies, including the types and systems of corruption prevalent in a specific context, the perceptions of corruption towards specific parts of government, and how citizens attribute the successes or failures of these agencies to the state. More broadly, these intervening factors also challenge the predominant assumption of a positive linear relationship between anti-corruption reforms, increased state legitimacy, and greater stability in fragile and conflict-affected states.     

China’s anti-graft campaign and international anti-corruption norms: Towards a “new international anti-corruption order”?

This article analyzes the growing impact of an increasingly powerful China on the evolution of norms governing the global fight against corruption. Combining insights into the diffusion of anti-corruption norms and China’s ‘two-way socialization’ into the international order with an analysis of the Chinese leadership’s internationalized anti-corruption campaign, it argues that China’s active involvement in the international fight against corruption is bound to challenge prevailing international ‘definitions’ and ‘solutions’ of corruption. Despite the considerable attention to supposed incompatibilities between ‘culturally insensitive’ Western anti-corruption efforts and conflicting Chinese cultural norms, the actual ‘China challenge’ to the international anti-corruption regime is much less a cultural than a political one. While China’s formal-legal anti-corruption system has been receptive to international socialization, China’s own contributions to international norm making are defined by the Party’s top-level leadership, which promotes a different set of anti-corruption norms. However, a coherent alternative ‘Chinese model’ of anti-corruption, akin to the globally propagated ‘China path’ for economic development and poverty reduction, is not yet in sight.     

灰色地带:反腐败法律的文化分析

法人类学对腐败和反腐败法律的分析做出了重要贡献。指出了法律界定为"腐败"的行为的社会根基以及腐败行为的两个规范框架:国家的法律和社会惯例;评估腐败问题时存在的双重标准:国际组织和西方国家常常认为"南方"和"东方"国家的腐败问题比"发达"国家更严重;反腐败与政治稳定常常难以求得平衡,媒体对腐败的报道带来了一系列棘手的问题,在处理反腐败问题时常常采用过于简单的两分法。法律人应当对这些卓识给予更多的关注。这对于理解英国的几个重大案件具有重要的意义。     

经济全球化与跨国犯罪的防治对策

经济全球化的同时也带来犯罪问题的全球化。当前,跨国犯罪问题日趋突出,国家之间如何加强司法协助共同打击跨国犯罪显得非常迫切。跨国犯罪具有跨国性、有组织性、犯罪手段多样性的特点,因此遏制跨国犯罪必须进行国际司法协助,这就要求国家间在立法、相互交流信息情报、引渡跨国犯罪罪犯、监控追缴赃款赃物上进行合作。目前国际社会在打击跨国犯罪上还存在立法不够完善,自我保护意识太强,反洗钱机制不完善,有政治分岐和种族偏见等问题。各国应该发挥国际合作精神,采取措施解决以上问题,为经济全球化提供一个安全的国际环境。     

洗钱罪构成要件与立法完善

我国现行《刑法》及《修正案》关于洗钱罪犯罪构成的设计还存在较多缺陷,与我国签署的相关国际公约还不协调,尤其未能把贪污贿赂犯罪纳入洗钱罪的上游犯罪,不利于惩治腐败犯罪,也不利于反洗钱的国际合作。因而,应尽快制定《反洗钱法》,惩治洗钱罪的上游犯罪,完善相关的刑事措施与制度,加强反洗钱国际合作。