美国知识产权资产评估方法选择及其启示——以我国上市公司的知识产权资产评估为视角

在评估方法上,美国已在市场法、牧益法、成本法的基础上发展出适用于专利、商标、版权的新的评估方法.在评估方法的选择上,美国在综合运用评估方法的基础上还十分关注背景因素.作为我国经济主力军的上市公司却对知识产权资产评估关注甚少,即使有所关注,也存在评估方法单一、方法选择随意性大等问题.因此,综合运用各种评估方法,重视评估背景,制定单独的知识产权资产评估规范已成为促进我国上市公司可持续发展的关键因素.     

“公安领导艺术”、“公安领导方法”之我见

公安领导艺术、公安领导方法是公安领导科学的重要组成部分.研究和探讨具有公安特色的领导艺术、领导方法,对于提高公安领导者的领导水平和领导效能,搞好新时期公安工作,为维护社会的长治久安有着重要的意义.目前对公安领导艺术、公安领导方法的研究,所见的只是应用方面有许多具体阐述,面对“公安领导艺术”、“公安领导方法”概念的探讨尚为少见.对公安领导艺术、公安领导方法的应用研究固然重要,但从理论上认识公安领导艺术、公安领导方法的涵义、特性也同样重要.这对于公安领导者把握、应用领导艺术、领导方法不无帮助.本着为建立和丰富、完善公安领导科学出微薄之力,以笔者认识所致,抛拙文对“公安领导艺术”、“公安领导方法”进行讨论,以求教大家.     

指纹鉴定标准研究述评

指纹鉴定标准是指纹鉴定理论的核心内容之一.自从指纹鉴定应用于侦查破案以来,理论和实务界对指纹鉴定标准进行了长期研究探索,形成了单纯数量标准、质量—数量标准、面积—质量量化标准、拓扑学方法和标准、形态学方法和标准等.这些标准和方法虽有一定合理性,但也存在明显的不足.指纹鉴定理论要从经验走向科学,必须加强基础理论研究,建立一套完善的指纹鉴定方法和标准体系.     

尿斑检材DNA提取方法比较

尿斑中含有红细胞、白细胞、吞噬细胞、上皮细胞等细胞成份,可进行DNA检验.但由于尿斑检验所需检材量较大,在采用常规方法提取时,效果欠佳.本文通过对不同的提取方法进行比较,以寻找较为理想的尿斑检材DNA提取方法.     

血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

目的 建立血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析方法. 方法血液采用微波消解仪进行处理,以115In元素作内标,使用ICP-MS方法对血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb进行分析.结果 方法检出限为0.00001～0.00249μg/L,准确度为90.1%～110.7%,精密度为4.0%～7.9%. 结论建立的方法准确、快速、线性范围宽、灵敏度高,适用于Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb中毒案件的检测.     

常见催眠镇静类药物的HPLC/SPD检验

介绍了应用HPLC/SPD法进行常见催眠镇静类药物定性检验的原理、方法.并经实际案例应用,定性准确,操作方便,适用于标准化方法.本方法达到了纳克水平检测量.     

全血中DNA6种提取方法的比较

目的 比较经典有机法、改良有机法、常规Chelex-100法、IQ法、Qiagen法及SP法6种方法在提取DNA纯度和得率上的差异.方法 收集10名健康志愿者的静脉全血各5mL,分别采用6种方法提取基因组DNA,通过紫外分光光度仪和荧光定量分析技术检测产物的纯度和浓度,计算得率,并使用统计软件对结果进行分析.结果 常规Chelex-100法所得DNA的纯度明显低于其他方法,而另外5种方法所得DNA纯度的差异不具有统计学意义.改良有机法得率最低,IQ法得率最高.统计结果表明试剂盒方法抽提全血DNA的得率明显高于经典有机法、常规Chelex-100法和改良有机法,其差异具有统计学意义.结论 与有机法和常规Chelex-100法相比,高质量试剂盒类方法更有利于法医学检材的DNA抽提.     

The Argument of Judges in the View of Legal Methodology

法院应是人们讲理的场所,法官应该说理,通过说理以增强判决的说服力与可接受性.法官不说理导致判决的可接受性低,当前申诉、上访、执行难等现象就是明证.为此,研究法官说理方法成为加强法官说理必然途径.研究法律解释、法律推理、法律论证等法学方法有助于完善法官说理的方法,有助于从法官说理能力、说理权责、说理激励等方面构建法官说理机制.     

签名笔迹笔压特征显现方法的比较研究

目的 通过研究抽取笔压特征的方法为签名笔迹鉴定提供有效的检验手段.方法 为了将笔压特征脱离其他特征而突显出来,通过实验考察了多种显现方法,包括体视显微镜侧光观察法、侧光红外影像法、静电压痕显现法、显微图像三维重建法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜法.结果 比较多种方法所获得的显现结果,实验表明五种方法在展现笔压特征上各有优缺点.结论 笔迹鉴定人员应该充分利用可获得的多种手段分析笔压特征,来提高签名笔迹鉴定意见的可靠性.     

思想的歧途--法学方法论中的德、法风格及历史主义倾向

法学方法论的研讨,长久以来是欧洲法理学的重要课题.然而同处欧陆的德、法两国,其思想方法与学术风格自有种种微妙差异.本文以两国学人拉伦茨、哈贝马斯和福柯及其著作为例,以书见人、以人见书,揣摩、领会作者对于着手问题的思考方式和展开论述的方法,进而找出其间的差异,比较法学方法论中的德、法风格.此外,当下法学理论者对于考据、训诂之风兴趣日浓,历史主义倾向显得甚为明显.然理论家治史与史学家治史,其立场、方法、目的皆有相当的不同.逐一述之,串缀成篇,是为有关法学方法的一点心得.     

汽车罩光漆的ATR-FTIR法检验

目的通过对油漆样品罩光漆成膜物质的检验以区分不同汽车厂家的油漆样品。方法采用衰减全反射红外光谱法（Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy,ATR-FTIR）研究15个汽车厂家提供的356份油漆样品的罩光漆成膜物质。结果在所有油漆样品中,丙烯酸漆出现的频率最高,氨基漆出现的频率最低;在所有厂家中,使用丙烯酸漆的厂家最多,使用氨基氨酯混合漆的厂家最少;在使用相同罩光漆的不同厂家的油漆样品中,通过比较红外谱图可以对样品进一步区分。结论 ATR-FTIR法能够在一定程度上区分不同汽车厂家的油漆样品,从而大大缩小侦查范围,对于涉车案件的快速侦破具有非常重要的作用。     

常见油漆稀料的GC／MS的检验及分类研究

目的对常用油漆稀料的检验分析方法及分类进行研究,并建立SPME-GC／MS对纵火案件中油漆稀料快速、灵敏、准确的分析方法。方法采用SPME-GC／MS法对5种不同型号品牌的常见油漆稀料进行分析。结果确定了样品处理方法和仪器分析最佳条件。实验的5种油漆稀料样本根据组分特征和结构特征的不同可归纳为4类。结论该研究结果可为纵火案件中油漆稀料残留物提供一种新的检验方法和检验依据。     

The Evidentiary Significance of Automotive Paint from the Northeast: A Study of Red Paint

This population study was conducted to assess the frequency of physical, microscopical, and chemical properties of automotive paint chips. Population studies of trace evidence provide valuable analytical data for criminalists to assess evidentiary significance. Two‐hundred automotive paint chips were collected from auto body shops from the Northeastern United States. All samples were analyzed using stereomicroscopy, brightfield, and polarized light microscopy. Red paints were targeted for further analysis using a sequence of modern instrumental techniques commonly used by forensic paint examiners: Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), Raman, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) microspectroscopy. The discrimination potential of each analytical method was evaluated by inter‐comparing the paint samples. Results demonstrated that macroscopic and microscopic properties were able to differentiate 99.995% of the population (one undifferentiated pair out of 19,900). When combined with either FT‐IR or UV–Vis microspectroscopy, all paints were differentiated. The results of this research lead to the conclusion that one would not expect to encounter two indistinguishable paint chips originating from different sources during the investigation of a single event.     

近红外显微分光光度法鉴别油漆的研究

本文借助显微分光光度计系统在近红外区域对几种“色觉”相似的油漆样品进行了光谱学分析。结果表明，近红外显微分光光度计能有效地鉴别颜色相似的油漆。该法准确、可靠，且不破坏检材．对实际检案有重要意义。     

显微光谱成像技术在汽车油漆截面检验中的应用

目的对汽车多层油漆的横截面进行分层和比对研究。方法运用显微光谱成像技术对收集的12个省市623个汽车漆片样本进行分层,并对截面结构相同或相似的油漆样本进行了区分。结果 623个油漆样本均可以分层,分析出漆层为两层及以上的油漆样本数占总数的87.26%;截面结构相同或相似的油漆样本能够多层同时区分。结论该方法具有科学及实用价值,检验结果可靠,可见光谱成像技术完全可运用拓展到微量物证的检验中。     

Application of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Paint Trace Examination

Raman spectroscopy has proved to be a promising technique in forensic examinations, where optical microscopy, micro‐infrared spectroscopy, and microspectrophotometry in the visible and UV range are used for identification and differentiation between paint traces. Often no organic pigments are detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, because their content in a trace is usually undetectable. Application of a micro‐Raman spectrometer equipped with several excitation lasers helps forensic experts in paint analysis enabling identification of main pigments. Three cases concerning comparative examination of car paint are discussed in detail. The comparison of Raman spectra of paint chips found on clothing of a victim or smears found on body of a damaged car to these of paint chips originated from the suspected car enabled us to identify the car involved in the accident. When no comparative material is available, the method can be useful in establishing the color and make of the car.     

SEM检验漆膜厚度鉴别同种颜色的汽车油漆

目的研究扫描电子显微镜测量漆膜厚度的方法对颜色相近的汽车油漆的区分能力。方法应用扫描电子显微镜对不同汽车厂家生产的12块蓝色油漆进行总厚度及分层厚度测量,并对所得数据进行t检验分析。结果在所有两两比对的66组样品对中,在置信度为95％时,用总厚度及分层厚度进行区分,区分率达到100％。结论用扫描电子显微镜微观测量油漆样品总厚度及分层厚度的方法,可对颜色相近的汽车油漆进行有效区分。     

Locating,Identifying, and Comparing Sub‐visible Paint Particles

Forensic paint comparisons are generally conducted on samples which, while small relative to their source, are still visible to the unaided eye and are thus located and analyzed without great difficulty. Here we demonstrate that a more detailed examination of candidate transfer surfaces can capture materials (questioned samples), even when such traces are invisible to the unaided eye. While certain analytical details (such as layer sequence or a pure FTIR spectrum) may not be obtainable from such traces due to their size and condition, a detailed analysis of the sample characteristics that are analytically accessible may still provide sufficient analytical data to arrive at a probative result. Here we present the application of this approach to a suspected paint transfer case, involving particles of paint as small as 40 μm in size. Using a combination of stereomicroscopy, polarized light microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and SEM/EDS, all performed on a single, subsample of the original minute particle, it was possible to demonstrate evidence of a two‐way transfer between the suspected sources. Furthermore, the transferred paint particle in one direction could be classified as automotive in nature based on a combination of polymer composition, microscopic texture, and pigment package (which included three specifically identified pigments). This work demonstrates (i) the potential for improving detection limits when searching for a questioned sample, (ii) the potential benefits of higher resolution analyses on samples that would be traditionally labeled as “sample‐size limited,” and (iii) the value of case‐specific interpretation over standardized, one‐size fits all report templates.     

Recovery of Spray Paint Traces from Clothing by Beating

Manual recovery of spray paints from textiles using a microscope, the routine method in many laboratories, is often laborious. Beating the clothing with a plastic rod, the routine method used for recovery of glass traces within the authors’ laboratory, is proposed as an alternative. The efficiency of the method was evaluated by spray tests with fluorescent paint. In these tests, paint particles in the acquired debris samples, as well as those remaining on the textiles, were investigated. The results show that beating is an efficient way to recover and concentrate paint particles. A good efficiency for jeans fabric and rough knitwear is reported. The results appeared to be less satisfactory for smooth woven fabric. Application of the method in casework was effective for graffiti paints as well as for flaked car paint.     

红外差谱技术用于微量混合油漆的比对检验

对交通事故中的漆片检材进行同一物质比对时,某些情况下难以提取到单一的油漆碎片而是两辆车的油漆混合在一起,给物证比对带来困难。红外差谱技术具有辨别混合物中不同成分的功能,因此可应用于交通事故中混合油漆检材的比对检验。本文对一起交通事故的漆片检材,分别用三种方式提取、制样,用红外光谱仪进行分析,借助红外差谱技术对谱图进行处理,排除混合油漆的干扰。处理后得到的谱图与样本的谱图进行比对,结果显示两者主要官能团吸收峰位置、峰型、峰强度基本一致,可出具比对一致的结论。针对混合油漆检材的比对检验,红外差谱技术可提供支持。