乙醇对家兔脑基底动脉零应力状态影响关系的研究

目的探讨乙醇对家免脑基底动脉零应力状态的影响。方法通过酒精灌胃的方法建立家兔血液乙醇浓度梯度的动物模型,测定各组家兔局部脑微区的血流灌注量;并通过测量血管张开角的方法测定各组家兔脑基底动脉的零压力状态。结果家兔灌酒后局部脑微区血流量值明显增大,至30min后,各组家兔脑血流量基本恒定;血液乙醇浓度持续增高,灌胃后1.5~2h,血液乙醇浓度达到峰值。灌酒后局部脑微区血流量值和血液乙醇浓度与灌酒量存在正相关关系。各组家兔酒精灌2h后基底动脉张开角均明显降低,各组之间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05),且随灌胃量的增大基底动脉张开角降低越大。结论家兔基底动脉零应力状态随血液酒精浓度的增加而降低。     

浅议交通肇事罪中的“酒后”驾车

最高人民法院《关于审理交通肇事刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》规定了酒后是某些交通肇事罪的客观构成要件之一。但是没有对酒后的认定作出具体规定。而2004年国家质量监督检验检疫总局制定的中华人民共和国《车辆驾驶人员血液、呼气酒精含量阈值与检验》国家标准(GB19522-2004)中规定驾车人血液中的酒精含量大于或等于20mg/100ml才能认定酒后。那在刑事司法实践中,是否要依据GB19522-2004这一国家标准来认定酒后驾车呢?本文从刑法解释,刑事审判依据、司法独立原则、司法实践效果等方面进行了阐述。     

保存温度对血液酒精含量检测的影响

目的为筛选最佳的保存温度,准确检测酒驾血液酒精含量,为交管部门客观判断酒驾行为提供技术支撑。方法本研究选取EDTA-2真空抗凝采血管,采取酒后人体静脉鲜血后,分别在-20℃、4℃~8℃、25℃常温、35℃~42℃高温等4个温度条件下保存,GC法按0、3d、7d、14d、21d及28d后检测血液酒精含量,并对测试结果进行比较统计分析。结果在35℃~42℃和25℃温度下存储的血液酒精含量在0~3d内基本稳定,3d后显著下降(P0.05);4℃~8℃温度下存储的血液酒精含量在0~14 d内基本稳定,14d后显著下降(P0.05);-20℃温度保存条件下血液酒精含量测试28d统计结果间无显著差异。结论建议血样采集后低温保存,-20℃温度为血样的最佳保存温度。     

交通事故酒精检测结果及其影响因素

在涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车发生交通事故时,酒精检测的结果是认定驾驶员责任的关键证据。本文对酒精检测结果及其影响因素进行分析,希望能为正确解释酒精检测结果,提高交通警察日常酒精检测程序规范意识提供帮助。1血液中酒精浓度测定的意义酒精对人体大脑的作用与血液中酒精浓度（blood alcohol concentration,BAC）有密切关系。研究表明,饮酒对驾车能力的损害,     

全国司法鉴定人继续教育基地 “法医毒物学鉴定——酒精检测培训班”通知

根据司法部司法鉴定管理局关于司法鉴定人继续教育的有关要求,本基地定于2009年6月8日～6月12日在上海举办法医毒物学鉴定-酒精检测培训班。培训内容:乙醇滥用的分析;血液中酒精检测的质量控制;血液中酒精浓度与酒后驾车的关系;能力验证活     

上海市浦东新区1050例涉嫌酒后驾驶鉴定的统计分析

目的通过对上海市浦东新区2008年1050例道路交通违章、事故酒精检案特点分析，为减少和防止交通事故的发生提供有力的参考信息。方法在Excel表中对肇事者性别、年龄、出事日期、时间以及对肇事者血液中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）等作统计分析。结果酒后驾车中男性明显多于女性，年龄以20～50岁居多。事故发生在20：00～22：00最多．以郊区主干道为主。1050例酒精检案中，BAC检测结果14．19％为阴性，2．00％酒精含量未超出法定范围，11．14％为酒后驾车，72．48％为醉酒驾车。结论2008年上海市浦东新区酒后违章、事故案例具有明显的分布特征，可为酒后驾驶的及时监测及制定有效预防措施提供依据。     

成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学调查

目的了解成都地区酒后驾车交通事故的流行病学特点,为预防酒后驾驶提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2004—2008年成都市交通事故档案资料,酒后驾车组为病例组,非酒后驾车组为对照组,对其驾驶员性别、年龄、交通方式、事故发生的时间、事故特点及损害后果等进行统计学分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故发生时间主要集中在14：00-8：00及20：00-01：00,一年中1月、2月酒后驾驶交通事故较其他月份高;发生单车事故、碰撞固定物、追尾、翻车事故及发生事故后逃逸病理组明显高于对照组：对他人及驾驶员本人造成的伤害病理组均明显较对照组严重。结论酒后驾驶对社会的危害性很大,应针对其流行病学特点．采取相应措施,预防酒后驾驶交通事故。     

考虑个体差异的酒后血液乙醇浓度推测模型

目的 为反应真实的酒后人体血液酒精浓度（BAC）随时间的变化关系。方法 本研究选取10名志愿者参加饮酒测试并采集数据，运用药物代谢动力学的方法建立了预测模型。用偏最小二乘法推导出体重、性别、酒类、饮酒量对人体酒精吸收速率的影响权重，并采用交叉验证的方法判断结果的可靠性。最后使用MATLAB软件进行拟合。结果 模型的平均预测准确度达到了92.17%，与传统的BAC模型相比能更准确预测酒后人体血液酒精浓度变化。其次对数据不做任何分布假设，运用BP神经网络方法分析数据并对人体BAC进行预测，其准确度为84.62%。结论 在样本量较少的情况下，本研究提出的模型预测效果更优。     

尸体心血红细胞ATP降解规律与早期死亡时间的相关性

目的观察早期死亡时间(PMI)与血液红细胞ATP含量的相关性。方法选择具有确切死亡时间的尸体30例,在死亡后6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20、22、24h分别于第4肋间进行心脏穿刺取血,利用生物发光法检测血液样本红细胞ATP含量(μmol/g Hb),并观察红细胞ATP含量变化与死亡时间的关系。结果尸体心血红细胞ATP含量在死亡后1~24h之内呈现非匀速下降趋势,与死亡时间的Pearson相关系数为-0.971(P=0.000);尸体心血红细胞ATP含量与死亡时间的回归方程及R2值为:Y=-0.096X+2.872(X为死亡时间),R2=0.936,P=0.000。结论尸体心血红细胞ATP含量在死后1~24h之内的变化与死亡时间具有相关关系,可以作为法医学死亡时间推断的生物学指标。     

尸体心血红细胞ATP降解规律与早期死亡时间的相关性

目的观察早期死亡时间（PMI）与血液红细胞ATP含量的相关性。方法选择具有确切死亡时间的尸体30例,在死亡后6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20、22、24h分别于第4肋间进行心脏穿刺取血,利用生物发光法检测血液样本红细胞ATP含量（μmol／gHb）,并观察红细胞ATP含量变化与死亡时间的关系。结果尸体心血红细胞ATP含量在死亡后1～24h之内呈现非匀速下降趋势,与死亡时间的Pearson相关系数为-0．971（P=0．000）;尸体心血红细胞ATP含量与死亡时间的回归方程及尺。值为：Y=-0．096X＋2．872（x为死亡时间）,R2=0．936,P=0．000。结论尸体心血红细胞ATP含量在死后1—24h之内的变化与死亡时间具有相关关系,可以作为法医学死亡时间推断的生物学指标。     

论道路交通事故与驾驶员血中酒精含量关系

目的探讨道路交通事故与饮酒驾车血中酒精含量关系及其法医学意义,为预防、控制道路交通事故提供重要依据。方法对2005份道路交通事故肇事驾驶员血酒精鉴定资料进行系统分析性研究。结果饮酒驾车以男性为主,女性饮酒驾车出现醉酒驾车的比例与男性无差别。市区驾驶员醉酒驾车高于郊区。驾驶员BAC<20mg/100mL肇事导致死亡的比例高于饮酒驾车肇事组(BAC20￣79mg/100ML),而BAC≥80mg/100mL则低于饮酒驾车肇事组。结论应降低饮酒驾车和醉酒驾车BAC标准,以利于减少交通事故肇事死亡率。     

The association of alcohol-induced blackouts and grayouts to blood alcohol concentrations

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between measured blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the presence and degree of amnesia (no amnesia, grayout, or blackout) in actively drinking subjects. A secondary aim was to determine potential factors other than BAC that contribute to the alcohol-induced memory loss. An interview questionnaire was administered to subjects regarding a recent alcohol associated arrest with a documented BAC greater than 0.08 g/dL for either public intoxication, driving under the influence, or under age drinking was administered. Demographic variables collected included drinking history, family history of alcoholism, presence of previous alcohol-related memory loss during a drinking episode, and drinking behavior during the episode. Memory of the drinking episode was evaluated to determine if either an alcohol-induced grayout (partial anterograde amnesia) or blackout (complete anterograde amnesia) occurred. Differences in (1) mean total number of drinks ingested before arrest, (2) gulping of drinks, and (3) BAC at arrest were found for those having blackouts compared with no amnesia; while differences in drinking more than planned were found between the no amnesia and grayout groups. A strong linear relationship between BAC and predicted probability of memory loss, particularly for blackouts was obvious. This finding clinically concludes that subjects with BAC of 310 g/dL or greater have a 0.50 or greater probability of having an alcoholic blackout.     

Consumption of a large dose of alcohol in a short time span.

Blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) and time to peak BAC were determined in 16 subjects after ingestion of a large quantity of alcoholic beverages within a short drinking time span not exceeding 30 min. The first group (7 subjects) consumed alcohol after a 3- to 4-h fast. In the second group (9 subjects) the consumption of alcohol took place after eating a large meal. Venous blood samples taken 30 min after drinking finished were compared to the near-simultaneous Breathalyzer results. In addition, the minimum duration of a BAC plateau for these drinking circumstances was assessed.     

Ethanol distribution ratios between urine and capillary blood in controlled experiments and in apprehended drinking drivers.

Healthy men drank 0.51, 0.68, and 0.85 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight as neat whisky in the morning after an overnight fast. During 6 to 8 h after the whisky was consumed, nearly simultaneous specimens of fingertip blood and pooled bladder urine were obtained for analysis of ethanol using an enzymatic method. The mean ratios of ethanol concentration [urine alcohol concentration (UAC)/blood alcohol concentration (BAC)] were mostly less than unity during the absorption phase. The UAC exceeded the BAC in the postpeak phase. The mean UAC/BAC ratios varied between 1.4 and 1.7 when the BAC exceeded 0.50 mg/mL. When the BAC decreased below 0.40 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratios increased appreciably. The mean UAC/BAC ratios of ethanol were not dependent on the person's age between the ages of 20 and 60 years old, but there were large variations within the age groups. In apprehended drinking drivers (N = 654) with a mean BAC of 1.55 mg/mL, the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol varied widely, with a mean value of 1.49. In 12 subjects (3.2%), the ratio was less than or equal to unity. In a second specimen of urine obtained approximately 60 min after an initial void (N = 135), the mean UAC/BAC ratio was 1.35 (standard deviation = 0.17). The magnitude of the UAC/BAC ratio of ethanol can help to establish whether the BAC curve was rising or falling at or near the time of voiding. The status of alcohol absorption needs to be documented if drinking drivers claim ingestion of alcohol after the offence or when back-estimation of the BAC from the time of sampling to the time of driving is required by statute.     

血中乙醇质量浓度与神经行为能力的关系

目的 研究血中乙醇质量浓度与神经行为能力的关系。方法 采用中文第三版计算机化神经行为测试评价系统（NES-C3）,通过自身对照的方式,对233名饮酒者进行神经行为能力的测试。结果 当血中乙醇质量浓度I〉0．157mg／mL时,视简单反应时和数字筛选能力指数有显著性下降;当血中乙醇质量浓度I〉0．204mg／mL时,心算、视觉保留、线条判断能力指数有显著性下降。结论 神经行为能力随着血中乙醇质量浓度的升高而下降,然后随着乙醇的不断代谢,血中乙醇质量浓度的降低,神经行为能力逐渐恢复。     

酒的种类对乙醇代谢动力学的影响

目的乙醇代谢动力学受诸多因素影响,关于酒的种类对其影响少见报道。方法本研究让志愿者在相同的饮酒时间内,饮用含相同乙醇量的啤酒、白酒,将所得数据用药代动力学计算程序DAS Ver1.0进行处理。结果乙醇的体内过程符合一级吸收、非线性消除、一室模型,权重为1。啤酒与白酒相比,吸收速度快,峰浓度高,达峰时间早,消除速度快。结论酒的种类对乙醇代谢动力学有影响,如果根据乙醇的代谢动力学规律来推测饮酒个体某一时刻的BAC,或根据BAC推测实际饮酒量,应该充分考虑到酒的种类对乙醇代谢动力学的影响。     

Relationship between blood and urine alcohol concentrations in apprehended drivers who claimed consumption of alcohol after driving with and without supporting evidence

For various reasons, many people suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) are not apprehended sitting behind the wheel, but some time after the driving. This gives them the opportunity to claim they drank alcohol after the time of driving or after they were involved in a road-traffic crash. Alleged post-offence drinking is not easy for the prosecution to disprove, which often means that the DUIA charge is dropped or the person is acquitted if the case goes to trial. The routine practice of sampling and measuring the concentration of alcohol in blood (BAC) and urine (UAC) and calculating urine/blood ratios (UAC/BAC) and the changes in UAC between two successive voids furnishes useful information to support or challenge alleged drinking after driving. We present here a retrospective case series of DUIA offenders (N = 40) in half of which there was supporting evidence of an after-drink (eye witness or police reports) and in the other half no such evidence existed apart from the suspect's admission. When there was supporting evidence of an after-drink, the UAC/BAC ratio for the first void was close to or less than unity (mean 1.04, median 1.08, range 0.54–1.21) and the UAC increased by 0.21 g/L (range 0.02–0.57) between the two voids. Without any supporting evidence of post-offence drinking the mean UAC/BAC ratio was 1.46 (range 1.35–1.93) for the first void, verifying that absorption and distribution of alcohol in all body fluids and tissues was complete. In these cases, the UAC between successive voids decreased by 0.25 g/L on average (range 0.10–0.49), indicating the post-absorptive phase of the BAC curve. Long experience from investigating claims of post-offence drinking leads us to conclude that in the vast majority of cases this lacks any substance and is simply a last resort by DUIA offenders to evade justice. Unless supporting evidence exists (eye witness, police reports, etc.) of post-offence drinking the courts are encouraged to ignore this defence argument.     

Reliability of breath-alcohol analysis in individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widespread in the population among all age groups and in both sexes. The reliability of breath alcohol analysis in subjects suffering from GERD is unknown. We investigated the relationship between breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) and blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) in 5 male and 5 female subjects all suffering from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and scheduled for antireflux surgery. Each subject served in two experiments in random order about 1-2 weeks apart. Both times they drank the same dose of ethanol (approximately 0.3 g/kg) as either beer, white wine, or vodka mixed with orange juice before venous blood and end-expired breath samples were obtained at 5-10 min intervals for 4 h. An attempt was made to provoke gastroesophageal reflux in one of the drinking experiments by applying an abdominal compression belt. Blood-ethanol concentration was determined by headspace gas chromatography and breath-ethanol was measured with an electrochemical instrument (Alcolmeter SD-400) or a quantitative infrared analyzer (Data-Master). During the absorption of alcohol, which occurred during the first 90 min after the start of drinking, BrAC (mg/210 L) tended to be the same or higher than venous BAC (mg/dL). In the post-peak phase, the BAC always exceeded BrAC. Four of the 10 subjects definitely experienced gastric reflux during the study although this did not result in widely deviant BrAC readings compared with BAC when sampling occurred at 5-min intervals. We conclude that the risk of alcohol erupting from the stomach into the mouth owing to gastric reflux and falsely increasing the result of an evidential breath-alcohol test is highly improbable.     

Alcohol metabolism of local Chinese in Hong Kong: a statistical determination on the effects of various physiological factors

A study was designed to examine the elimination rate of alcohol from the body of the local Chinese after consumption of different types of alcoholic drinks. The breath alcohol of 184 healthy volunteers was determined and converted into blood alcohol levels after they finished drinking. Information on the type and volume of alcoholic drinks consumed, age group, sex, drinking habit, and drinking on empty stomach or with/after meal was recorded for each participant. The results show that the elimination rate of an individual can be explained in terms of physiological variables including sex and drinking habit. The determined elimination rates allow forensic toxicologists to back calculate the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of the drivers at the time of accident in drunk driving cases. The elimination rates of blood alcohol at 95% prediction intervals for male and female are in the range of 9.5-23.8 mg/100 ml/h and 11.1-37.1 mg/100 ml/h, respectively.     

Comparison of ethanol concentrations in venous blood and end-expired breath during a controlled drinking study

Concentration-time profiles of ethanol were determined for venous whole blood and end-expired breath during a controlled drinking experiment in which healthy men (n=9) and women (n=9) drank 0.40-0.65 g ethanol per kg body weight in 20-30 min. Specimens of blood and breath were obtained for analysis of ethanol starting at 50-60 min post-dosing and then every 30-60 min for 3-6 h. This protocol furnished 130 blood-breath pairs for statistical evaluation. Blood-ethanol concentration (BAC, mg/g) was determined by headspace gas chromatography and breath-ethanol concentration (BrAC, mg/2l) was determined with a quantitative infrared analyzer (Intoxilyzer 5000S), which is the instrument currently used in Sweden for legal purposes. In 18 instances the Intoxilyzer 5000S gave readings of 0.00 mg/2l whereas the actual BAC was 0.08 mg/g on average (range 0.04-0.15 mg/g). The remaining 112 blood- and breath-alcohol measurements were highly correlated (r=0.97) and the regression relationship was BAC=0.10+0.91BrAC and the residual standard deviation (S.D.) was 0.042 mg/g (8.4%). The slope (0.91+/-0.0217) differed significantly from unity being 9% low and the intercept (0.10+/-0.0101) deviated from zero (t=10.2, P<0.001), indicating the presence of both proportional and constant bias, respectively. The mean bias (BAC - BrAC) was 0.068 mg/g and the 95% limits of agreement were -0.021 and 0.156 mg/g. The average BAC/BrAC ratio was 2448+/-540 (+/-S.D.) with a median of 2351 and 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of 1836 and 4082. We found no significant gender-related differences in BAC/BrAC ratios, being 2553+/-576 for men and 2417+/-494 for women (t=1.34, P>0.05). The mean rate of ethanol disappearance from blood was 0.157+/-0.021 mg/(g per hour), which was very close to the elimination rate from breath of 0.161+/-0.021 mg/(2l per hour) (P>0.05). Breath-test results obtained with Intoxilyzer 5000S (mg/2l) were generally less than the coexisting concentrations of ethanol in venous blood (mg/g), which gives an advantage to the suspect who provides breath compared with blood in cases close to a threshold alcohol limit.