Organ weight effects of drowning and asphyxiation on the lungs,liver, brain,heart, kidneys,and spleen

An examination of the organ weights associated with victims of drowning, asphyxiation and trauma was undertaken to determine (a) the effects of asphyxiation compared to a trauma group, and in turn, (b) the effects of drowning compared to an asphyxiation group. Included in the study were 217 drowning deaths, 166 pure asphyxiation deaths and 381 trauma deaths. The effects of asphyxiation (compared to trauma) resulted in elevated mean organ weights for the lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen (with mean increases of 17.8, 10.5, 10.3 and 23.4%, respectively). Effects of drowning (compared to asphyxiation) resulted in elevated mean organ weights only with the lungs and kidneys (with mean increases of 30.0 and 4.4%, respectively). Only the mean heart and brain weight remained constant across all experimental groups. A picture of drowning is suggested in which elevated lung and kidney weights are the result of both asphyxiation and the aspiration of water that occurs with drowning, whereas elevated spleen and liver weights in drowning victims are associated with only the effects of asphyxiation. In addition, the common autopsy finding of a small, anemic spleen in drowning, rather than caused by some pathophysiological mechanism of death, is hypothesized to be a postmortem phenomenon.     

Hemosiderin findings in the liver, spleen and lung in newborn infants and infants

The content and distribution of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen and lungs of stillborn children, newborns and infants were determined histologically by Perl's method (Prussian blue reaction). We describe a study of 59 deaths up to the age of 2 years. The hemosiderin content depends on age and decreases with increasing age. No relevant differences were found in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In the liver hemosiderin is localized preponderantly in the periphery of the lobules. The spleen shows a diffuse siderosis of the red pulp. Minimal intrapleural, septal and perivasal depositions of hemosiderin can be found in the lung tissue. The significance of these findings is discussed.     

失血性休克大鼠肝肾脾细胞微管蛋白死后降解的检测

目的探讨失血性休克大鼠肝肾脾细胞微管蛋白含量变化与死亡时间（PMI）的关系。方法大鼠经切断股动脉致失血性休克死亡后，分别于死亡即刻和死后1、2、3、5和7d剖取脾脏、肝脏及肾脏组织，应用western—blot技术检测微管蛋白含量，SPSS11．5软件对结果进行统计学分析。结果大鼠肝肾脾细胞内微管蛋白含量随PMI的延长而逐渐降低，至死后7d仅可见很淡的微管蛋白印记谱带，其中微管蛋白在肝脏内降解速率最快。3种组织内微管蛋白含量变化的同归方程及相关系数（r）分别为：肝脏Y=-2221．1X＋14844，r=0．9823；脾脏Y=-1871．1X＋11344，r=0．9749；肾脏Y=-1878．1X＋13715，r=0．9629。结论大鼠死后肝肾脾细胞内微管蛋白降解规律与PMI之间具有相关性，并存在组织差异性。     

Morphological characteristics of gunshot wounds of liver and spleen

Stellate wounds are to be expected in gunshot injuries to the liver and spleen. As to their configuration, they resemble the skin breaks in an absolute close-range shot. The exit wound is larger than the entry wound. The genesis and utility of such injuries for reconstruction of the shot direction are discussed with reference to seven gunshot mortalities. Stellate wounds could also be achieved by shooting at isolated cadaver organs. The experimentally produced gunshot wounds differed from those produced in vivo in that the entry and exit wounds were equally large.     

大鼠电击死心脑肺及皮肤超微结构的改变

目的 观察电击致死大鼠的心、脑、肺、皮肤超微结构形态学改变，寻找电击死的法医学鉴定依据。方法 大鼠12只，其中电击致死6只，另6只对照；取心、脑、肺、皮肤，用戊二醛固定、锇酸染色后透射电镜观察。结果 所取组织细胞均见明显细胞凋亡样改变，其中红细胞肿胀变形，充填整个毛细血管管腔。结论 心、脑、肺、皮肤组织细胞与血管内皮细胞的超微结构形态改变对鉴定电流死有参考价值。     

溺死的法医学检验现状及进展

本文概括阐述了近年来,国内外学者将硅藻的检验、内脏异物颗粒和微量元素成分的检验、血液化学的检验、电子显微镜的观察等方法应用于溺死的诊断,试图为溺死的法医学鉴定提供准确的诊断指标。     

Suicidal asphyxiation by using pure helium gas: case report, review, and discussion of the influence of the internet

Suffocation by inhaled gases has been reported involving a variety of gases. We report a case of suicidal asphyxiation by forced replacement of oxygen with helium by using a complex homemade mask. In this case, a young woman researched suicide on the Internet and found an advocated method of suicide using helium. To our knowledge, there is only 1 previously reported case of suicidal asphyxia by using helium.     

酒精相关颅脑损伤研究进展

酒精暴露常见于颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)的发生过程中,与颅脑损伤死亡具有紧密联系。国内外此方面研究纷繁复杂。本文总结了近十年相关国内外实验研究,从临床实验研究、动物模型应用、脑损伤鉴别不同方面对不同血清酒精水平(blood alcohol concentration,BAC)对于颅脑损伤影响相关研究进展进行系统阐述。本综述为进一步相关研究提供参考,也对相关死亡案件鉴定具有借鉴意义。     

关于器官移植立法的若干思考

最近一段时间,器官移植和器官移植立法似乎成了社会各界颇为重视的热门话题。先是今年二月底九届全国人大第四次会议召开前夕,上海第二军医大学长征医院将该院去年７月所作的“全国首例脑死亡器官移植”的秘密向媒体公开,当事人称这样做的目的是希望“能够使今年的全国人大会议关注脑死亡在我国的立法问题”。接着湖北电视台于三月二十三日在全国首次全程实况转播了华中科技大学同济医院所作的一例肾移植手术,转播现场嘉宾中的多位专家谈到了     

Animal-related fatalities--part II: characteristic autopsy findings and variable causes of death associated with envenomation, poisoning, anaphylaxis, asphyxiation, and sepsis

In addition to blunt and sharp trauma, animal-related fatalities may result from envenomation, poisoning, anaphylaxis, asphyxiation, and sepsis. Although the majority of envenomation deaths are caused by hornets, bees, and wasps, the mechanism of death is most often anaphylaxis. Envenomation resulting from the injection of a poison or toxin into a victim occurs with snakes, spiders, and scorpions on land. Marine animal envenomation may result from stings and bites from jellyfish, octopus, stonefish, cone fish, stingrays, and sea snakes. At autopsy, the findings may be extremely subtle, and so a history of exposure is required. Poisoning may also occur from ingesting certain fish, with three main forms of neurotoxin poisoning involving ciguatera, tetrodotoxin ingestion, and paralytic shellfish poisoning. Asphyxiation may follow upper airway occlusion or neck/chest compression by animals, and sepsis may follow bites. Autopsy analysis of cases requires extensive toxinological, toxicological, and biochemical analyses of body fluids.     

我国《人体器官移植条例》评析

人体器官移植是医学科学的重大进步,已经成为拯救器官功能衰竭病人的重要手段。《人体器官移植条例》是我国涉及人体器官移植的全国性立法,标志着我国人体器官移植立法体系已基本完成。但是,与其他国家和地区立法相比,该《条例》尚存在一些问题,有待今后立法完善。     

Post-mortem investigation of calcium content in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle in accidental hypothermia cases

The identification of hypothermia as cause of the death was always quite problematic in the field of forensic medicine. The aim of the present study was to verify the determination of calcium content in post-mortem liver, heart, and skeletal muscle samples as the biochemical marker defining hypothermia as the cause of death. The study involved 43 autopsy cases in which the circumstances of death indicated the effects of overcooling. The control group consisted of material collected from the corpses of 30 persons who were not exposed to low temperatures but died due to technical injuries (n = 5), asphyxia (n = 6), intoxication with ethanol and other substances (n = 8), and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (n = 11). The concentration of calcium in autopsy samples was determined applying flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Our study showed no significant differences of calcium content in tissues of persons who died due to hypothermia, over those who died in normothermic conditions.     

大鼠死后脑、心肌和肾组织β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系

目的 研究SD大鼠脑、心肌和肾组织细胞内β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系,为早期死亡时间的推断寻找新的指标.方法 大鼠处死后置于20℃的环境中,分别于死后不同时间点提取脑、心肌、肾的总RNA,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测总RNA中β-actin mRNA的水平(Ct值),分析死后经过时间与Ct...     

Mathematic modeling of morphogenesis of the liver and spleen in fetus and newborns for the purpose of determining the gestation age

Fragments of the liver and spleen obtained from 140 cadavers of fetus and newborns with a gestation age (GA) ranging from 21 to 41 weeks were morphometrically investigated. The obtained data were statistically processed. A set of equations was designed on the basis of the multi-factor regression analysis for the GA determination. The study results are recommended for practical use in the forensic-medical expertise in cases of perinatal death.     

Determining the type of drowning based on the levels of blood in the thoracic duct lymph

The degree of lymphogemy in persons who died of different causes (including drowning) was studied by histologic analysis of the thoracic lymphatic ducts. It was found that quantitative estimation of the presented feature makes it possible to estimate the specific type of drowning which depends on the level of venous hypertension in the system of superior vena cava. This phenomena is strongly marked in spastic and mixed types of drowning and is absent in aspiration and reflex types.