用中波紫外照相法发现支票涂改痕迹

1 案例资料1998年至1999年,东北、内蒙、陕西、河南等地均发生了同一类型的支票涂改诈骗案,其作案手段完全一致,都是对医院开出的退款转账支票进行涂改后再重新填写上大额款数,然后从银行提走现金.最多的一次就骗取人民币近20万元.     

试论涂改销毁病历的侵权行为

病历不仅是医疗教学的活教材,是医学科研的重要资料,也是司法诉讼中处理医患纠纷的重要法律依据。正因为病历在医疗诉讼的重要作用,因此出现了很多针对病历的侵权行为,本文着重分析了涂改和销毁病历这两种侵权行为,以期对完善病历管理、改善医患关系有所作用。     

涂改、伪造档案行为的法理分析

本文拟从涂改、伪造档案行为的概念入手,然后具体对涂改、伪造档案行为的性质及法律责任进行简要的分析和探讨。     

膛线痕迹的一种特殊状态

１９９９年３月１日,某市一栋住宅楼的四楼一扇窗户玻璃被一流弹击中,现场提取五一式手枪弹弹头一枚。检验该弹头,发现其弹头膛线宽度仅１．５mm左右,明显窄于五一类手枪膛线痕迹为１．９～２mm左右的技术指标,疑是其他枪种。检验其膛线其它技术参数,得到如下结果：膛线数：４条;旋向：右旋;膛线缠度∶３０;膛线缠角∶５度。以上参数均反映出为五一类手枪射击的弹头痕迹。但为何其膛线宽度如此大幅度低于五一类枪支发射痕迹的正常值？为此,笔者数次反复检验其膛线痕迹,终于在其中两条膛线的起始端的左侧,发现数条与膛线平行的细…     

被洗织物上潜血痕迹发现方法的比较

目的探索被洗涤后衣物上潜血痕迹的发现方法。方法用联苯胺法、鲁米诺法和新型仪器TL-445激光生物检材发现仪寻找不同织物上不同洗涤强度的潜在血迹。结果联苯胺仅能发现部分纯棉织物上潜血,鲁米诺能显示全部纯棉织物上血迹,TL-445激光生物检材发现仪能显示所有纯棉、纯化纤织物上血迹。结论用TL-445激光生物检材发现仪检测相比联苯胺法和鲁米诺法更适合洗涤后织物上潜血痕迹的发现。     

对一种特殊作案工具痕迹的研究

目前犯罪分子利用千斤顶外延功能破坏保险柜、盗窃机械部件、原油等案件有增多趋势。本文对千斤顶的种类、基本构造、成痕机理、痕迹特点、检验分析等进行了较系统的研究,供同仁参考。     

一种制作线状痕迹样本的新材料

本文所介绍的这种制作线状痕迹样本的新材料不同于以往惯用的铅片、铝板、石蜡、石膏、皂基、塑料等材料.它是根据热敏材料受热变色的原理,将嫌疑工具在这种新材料上按不同角度和力度划过而形成的似商品条码的黑白分明的线状“工具指纹图”.     

一种技术性开锁方式的痕迹特点

1暴力拧锁开锁原理 近几年来，暴力拧锁开锁进行违法犯罪活动的案件日渐增多，这种开锁方式所使用的工具简单易作，便于携带，并且利用这种方式开锁的成功率很高。因此，研究暴力拧锁方式开锁的原理，及暴力拧锁方式开锁在锁体上形成的痕迹特点，对刑事技术人员在现场勘查中分析开锁方式有重要的指导作用。     

一种快速批量DNA检测方法

本文在硅珠法提取DNA的基础上,研究建立了一种快速高效批量提取、扩增、检测DNA的方法。现介绍如下。1材料与方法1.1样本所有嫌疑人员的血样均用滤纸采集。1.2主要仪器设备及试剂9700扩增仪(ABI公司)、3100遗传分析仪(ABI公司)。裂解液(12g硫氰酸胍、10ml0.1M Tris-HCL,pH6.4、0.8ml0.5MEDTA,pH8.0、0.5ml TritonX-100),硅珠悬液(6g SiO2加水到100ml),10%十二烷基肌氨酸钠(SLS),Profiler Plus试剂盒(ABI公司),去离子甲酰胺、Rox500内标(ABI公司)。1.3方法DNA提取分别剪取2mm×3mm大小的血痕放入96孔板相应的孔中。用排枪…     

一种撬盗卷闸门锁工具痕迹的检验

１案例资料１９９８年以来江西铜鼓县城一金银加工店３次被盗，卷闸门锁被撬。前两次锁芯未见，门上留下一空孔，孔周围的铁板上有擦划痕；第三次锁芯扭断，留在门上，锁芯外套一金属套筒（特殊的扭锁工具），并遗有一根小铁杆。通过检验研究，这是一种特殊的扭卷闸门锁的工具，并留有特殊的痕迹，介绍如下：卷闸门锁锁芯一般有１cm左右伸出铁皮孔外，锁芯直径２．５cm。用２．６cm的套筒（图１、２）套住露出的锁芯，扭紧螺杆，即套紧了锁芯。当逆时扳动铁杆时，锁芯连同套筒一同旋转，锁体内固定锁芯的两个小螺杆即被扭断；锁芯带动锁内齿…     

4种硅藻检验方法的比较研究

目的比较硝酸乙醇法、酶消化法、“破机罐”法和Soluene-350法在检验硅藻中各自的优缺点,为法医实际办案提供理论依据。方法取家兔肝、肾和骨髓3种组织各2g,分别用上述4种方法消化,比较4种不同方法分别将组织这些完全消化所需要的时间、消化能力、对硅藻的检出率以及对硅藻的破坏程度。结果消化时间以Solu-ene-350法耗时最长,其次是酶消化法,硝酸乙醇法和破机罐法耗时最短。4种方法消化能力的强弱依次是“破机罐”法、硝酸乙醇法、酶消化法、Soluene-350法。对梅尼小环藻(淡水)和桥弯藻(淡水),酶消化法的检出率最高,硝酸乙醇法其次,“破机罐”法和Soluene-350法最低。对舟形藻(海水),酶消化法的检出率高,其余3种方法几乎没检测到。扫描电镜观察:酶消化法对硅藻结构几乎没有破坏。其余3种方法对硅藻均有不同程度的破坏。结论从降低成本、提高检测效率角度,应选择“破机罐”法和硝酸乙醇法;从安全性和环保角度,或可疑水样为海水及硅藻密度较小时,应选择酶消化法;Soluene-350法因耗时长、成本高且硅藻检出率低,不适于在基层法医中推广。     

A method for studying knife tool marks on bone

The characteristics of knife tool marks retained on hard tissues can be used to outline the shape and angle of a knife. The purpose of this study was to describe such marks on bone tissues that had been chopped with knives. A chopping stage with a gravity accelerator and a fixed bone platform was designed to reconstruct the chopping action. A digital microscope was also used to measure the knife angle (θ) and retained V-shape tool mark angle (ψ) in a pig skull. The κ value (elasticity coefficient; θ/ψ) was derived and recorded after the knife angle (θ) and the accompanied velocity were compared with the proportional impulsive force of the knife and ψ on the bone. The constant impulsive force revealed a correlation between the V-shape tool mark angle (ψ) and the elasticity coefficient (κ). These results describe the tool marks--crucial in the medicolegal investigation--of a knife on hard tissues.     

TFD-2纸张手印快速显现系统的应用

目的介绍一种利用特殊的红外热成像技术显现常见纸张上汗潜手印的新方法。方法利用英国Foster4-Freeman公司生产的TFD-2纸张手印快速显现系统,通过特殊的红外热成像技术,使汗潜手印呈现强烈荧光,从而显现手印。结果红外热成像方法处理后,汗潜手印在特种激发光（带宽为450nm-510nm）激发下显出较强的橙色荧光;持续处理后,汗潜手印在自然光下呈棕褐色,并在短波紫外光源（254nm）激发下也可显出清晰连贯的手印纹线;而且,新鲜和陈旧手印均有较好的显现效果。结论TFD-2纸张手印快速显现系统显现纸张上汗潜手印的方法,具有操作简单、快速安全、无需化学试剂、显现效果明显的特点,适合推广使用。     

A method for calculating the strength of evidence associated with an earwitness's claimed recognition of a familiar speaker

The present paper proposes and demonstrates a method for assessing strength of evidence when an earwitness claims to recognize the voice of a speaker who is familiar to them. The method calculates a Bayes factor that answers the question: What is the probability that the earwitness would claim to recognize the offender as the suspect if the offender was the suspect versus what is the probability that the earwitness would claim to recognize the offender as the suspect if the offender was not the suspect but some other speaker from the relevant population? By “claim” we mean a claim made by a cooperative earwitness not a claim made by an earwitness who is intentionally deceptive. Relevant data are derived from naïve listeners' responses to recordings of familiar speakers presented in a speaker lineup. The method is demonstrated under recording conditions that broadly reflect those of a real case.     

基于等位基因特异性PCR原理建立的SNP分型新方法

目的建立一种新方法,对多个单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepolymorphism,SNP)位点进行分型。方法基于等位基因特异性PCR原理,采用荧光标记复合扩增和毛细管电泳技术,根据PCR片段长度差异进行分型。选择SNP位点共11个,每个SNP位点设计两条长度不同、3’末端分别与SNP两个等位基因碱基配对的上游引物,同时为了增加特异性,在两条等位基因上游引物的3’末端第3或第4位碱基人为引入错配。在距离上游引物100～300bp范围内的合适位置,设计下游共用引物,并进行荧光标记。所有位点经过复合扩增后,PCR产物经ABIPrismTM310型遗传分析仪电泳分离,确定每个SNP的基因型。结果每个SNP位点纯合子为单一产物峰,杂合子则为长度不同的两个产物峰。不同的SNP位点扩增产物长度不同,根据产物长度和产物峰的数量进行SNP分型,一次完成11个SNP位点分型,其结果与直接测序完全一致。结论荧光标记复合扩增片段长度差异等位基因特异性PCR法是一种简单快速而有效的SNP分型新方法。     

A comparative evaluation of the disulfur dinitride process for the visualisation of fingermarks on metal surfaces

The disulfur dinitride process for fingermark visualisation was first reported a decade ago, with promising results obtained for a range of materials including metals. However, the friction sensitive nature of the material and difficulty of synthesis made routine use difficult. Many of these issues have since been addressed, making equipment and chemicals available to build an understanding of how the effectiveness of disulfur dinitride compares to other fingermark visualisation processes currently used on metal surfaces. This enables more informed advice to be given on selection of processes for treatment of metal items, an area of operational interest that encompasses weapons used in violent crime and the increasing incidence in metal theft. This paper reports a comparative study into the effectiveness of disulfur dinitride, cyanoacrylate fuming, vacuum metal deposition, gun blueing and wet powder suspensions on brass, bronze, copper and stainless steel. Experiments were conducted with the surfaces exposed to a range of environments including long term ageing, water/detergent washing, acetone washing and high temperature exposure. The results indicate that disulfur dinitride is an effective process for fingermark visualisation on metal surfaces, including those exposed to adverse environments, and may offer potential improvements over existing processes for those surfaces. Further work, including pseudo-operational trials, is recommended.     

Identification of Crystals Forming on Porcine Articular Cartilage: A New Method for the Estimation of the Postmortem Interval

Articular cartilage was examined to determine its decomposition sequence and its potential for assessing the postmortem interval. Scanning electron microscopy of articular cartilage from buried porcine trotters showed the presence of microcrystals on the synovial surface. These orthorhombic pyramidal or “coffin”‐shaped crystals, appeared at 3 weeks (22 days) after interment and disappeared after 6 weeks. The disappearance of these crystals was linked to decompositional changes to the integrity of the synovial joint. The formation and disappearance of these crystals was associated with a pH change at the cartilage surface. Scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) analysis showed that the five main elements contained within these crystals were carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, and phosphorous. Such elemental analysis suggested the crystals may be struvite (MgNH₄PO₄6(H₂O)). Bacteria cultured from the cartilage synovial surface produced struvite crystals when grown in suitable media and were identified by DNA analysis to be Comamonas sp.     

A method for enhancing gunshot residue patterns on dark and multicolored fabrics compared with the modified Griess test

In using infrared or infrared-enhanced photography to examine gunshot residue (GSR) on dark-colored clothing, the GSR particles are microscopically examined directly on the fabric followed by the modified Griess test (MGT) for nitrites. In conducting the MGT, the GSR is transferred to treated photographic paper for visualization. A positive reaction yields an orange color on specially treated photographic paper. The examiner also evaluates the size of the powder pattern based on the distribution of nitrite reaction sites or density. A false-positive reaction can occur using the MGT due to contaminants or dyes that produce an orange cloud reaction as well. A method for enhancing visualization of the pattern produced by burned and partially unburned powder is by treatment of the fabric with a solution of sodium hypochlorite. In order to evaluate the results of sodium hypochlorite treatment for GSR visualization, the MGT was used as a reference pattern. Enhancing GSR patterns on dark or multicolored clothing was performed by treating the fabric with an application of 5.25% solution of sodium hypochlorite. Bleaching the dyes in the fabric enhances visualization of the GSR pattern by eliminating the background color. Some dyes are not affected by sodium hypochlorite; therefore, bleaching may not enhance the GSR patterns in some fabrics. Sodium hypochlorite provides the investigator with a method for enhancing GSR patterns directly on the fabric. However, this study is not intended to act as a substitute for the MGT or Sodium Rhodizonate test.     

A non-standard method for estimating accuracy of lie detection techniques demonstrated on a self-validating set of field polygraph examinations

Abstract

A unique method for estimating field accuracy of the Comparison Question Test (CQT) – a polygraph technique – is presented, based on a combined probabilistic and algebraic model. It is built on paired examinations in criminal cases in which two opposing versions per case have been subjected to polygraph tests. The developed model is ground-truth free, thus there was no need to rely on external criteria of deception (e.g., confessions or physical evidence) in estimating the accuracy of the CQT. Results indicate an accuracy rate of 0.94 in detecting guilty examinees (Sensitivity) with a 0.06 False Negative rate and an accuracy rate of 0.835 (Specificity) with False Positive of 0.165 for the innocents. These figures excluded 20% of the cases that were ruled inconclusive. When no inconclusive calls were allowed, the accuracy rate dropped down to 0.8 with 0.2 error rates for both the guilty and the innocent examinees. The importance of this research stems from its being a field study that due to the unique methodology was not subjected to weaknesses usually found in polygraph field validity studies. This method is applicable to other techniques of deception detection and with some necessary adaptations may be also to eyewitness situations.