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1.
New Evidence on the Monetary Value of Saving a High Risk Youth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is growing interest in crime prevention through early youth interventions; yet, the standard United States response
to the crime problem, particularly among juveniles, has been to increase the use and resource allocation allotted toward punishment
and incapacitation and away from prevention and treatment. At the same time, longitudinal studies of delinquency and crime
have repeatedly documented a strong link between past and future behavior and have identified a small subset of offenders
who commit a large share of criminal offenses. These findings suggest that if these offenders can be identified early and
correctly and provided with prevention and treatment resources early in the life course, their criminal activity may be curtailed.
While researchers have studied these offenders in great detail, little attention has been paid to the costs they exert on
society. This paper provides estimates of the cost of crime imposed on society by high risk youth. Our approach follows and
builds upon the early framework and basic methodology developed by Cohen (J Quant Criminol 14: 5–33, 1998), by using new estimates of the costs of individual crimes, ones that are more comprehensive and that significantly increased
the monetary cost per crime. We also use new estimates on the underlying offending rate for high risk juvenile offenders.
We estimate the present value of saving a 14-year-old high risk juvenile from a life of crime to range from $2.6 to $5.3 million.
Similarly, saving a high risk youth at birth would save society between $2.6 and $4.4 million.
相似文献
Mark A. CohenEmail: |
2.
Restoration and Retribution: How Including Retributive Components Affects the Acceptability of Restorative Justice Procedures 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Two studies investigated people’s perceptions of the acceptability of restorative justice procedures for handling crimes that
differ in severity. Results from Study 1 supported our hypothesis that as crimes increase in seriousness, people require a
restorative justice procedure that also has a possible retributive component (i.e. a prison sentence). Study 1 also demonstrated
that individuals assigned lower prison sentences for offenders who successfully completed a restorative procedure as compared
to a traditional court procedure. The results from Study 2 replicated those from Study 1, as well as demonstrating that offenders
who failed to successfully complete the restorative procedure received no reduction in prison sentence. These findings suggest
that in order for citizens to view a restorative justice procedure as an acceptable alternative to the traditional court system
for serious crimes, the procedure must allow for the option of some retributive measures.
相似文献
Dena M. GrometEmail: |
3.
Does Incapacitation Reduce Crime? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
相似文献
Alex R. PiqueroEmail: |
4.
While there is a growing trend to look at criminal justice issues from an international perspective, there has been little literature examining differences in views of crime, criminals, punishment, and treatment between the citizens of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Using data from 524 students at a large university in China and 484 students from a large public university in the USA this study found that, while US respondents were more likely to agree that crime was high in their country, Chinese respondents were more likely to feel that crime was the most serious social problem facing their society. Chinese respondents were more supportive of the death penalty for serious crimes but also were more supportive of rehabilitation of offenders in general. In addition, the study found similarities between students from the two countries in their views. The reasons behind the differences and similarities were explored.
相似文献
Shanhe JiangEmail: Phone: +1-419-5304329 |
5.
Richard Rosenfeld 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(3):287-306
A question that emerges from recent research on the relationship between economic conditions and street crimes committed for
monetary gain concerns the effect of changing economic conditions on violent crime. I propose that the economy stimulates
violent crime indirectly through its effect on acquisitive crime. This hypothesis is evaluated in fixed-effects panel models
of change in acquisitive crime and homicide rates between 1970 and 2006. The analysis indicates that collective perceptions
of economic conditions have a significant effect on an index of acquisitive crime and an indirect effect, through acquisitive
crime, on homicide. Consistent with this result, the effect of collective economic perceptions is stronger for felony than
argument-related homicides. A promising focus for future research is the role of underground markets in the production of
both property and violent crime.
相似文献
Richard RosenfeldEmail: |
6.
The Silence of the Lambdas: Deterring Incapacitation Research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
相似文献
Jens LudwigEmail: |
7.
Greg Pogarsky 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(1):59-74
Conflicting evidence exists on how criminal propensity moderates deterrent effects, and there is little empirical evidence
on this issue from relatively experienced offenders. This study tested how variation in criminal propensity (operationalized
as “low self-control”) moderates deterrent effects in a sample of convicted offenders in New Jersey’s Intensive Supervision
Program in 1989 and 1990. Offenders’ perceptions of the risks and consequences from violating ISP were associated with whether
they successfully completed ISP. Moreover, lower self-control did not diminish, and if anything, enhanced these deterrent
effects.
相似文献
Greg PogarskyEmail: |
8.
Lawrence W. Sherman 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(4):299-321
The promise of experimental criminology is finding ways to reduce harm from crime and injustice. The problem of experimental criminology is that so few experiments produce evidence of big effects from the interventions they test.
One solution to this problem may be concentrating scarce resources for experiments on the “power few:” the small percentage
of places, victims, offenders, police officers or other units in any distribution of crime or injustice which produces the
greatest amount of harm. By increasing the homogeneity and base rates of the samples enrolled in each experiment, the power
few hypothesis predicts increased statistical power to detect program effects. With greater investment of resources, and possibly
less variant responses to greater dosages of intervention—especially interventions of support, as distinct from punishment—we
may also increase our chances of finding politically acceptable interventions that will work.
相似文献
Lawrence W. ShermanEmail: |
9.
Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate share of total crime. Policy makers have been seeking to
reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro- and micro-level
research have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of these kinds of selective policies. The current study uses data
from the Netherlands Criminal Career and Life-course Study to estimate the incapacitative effects of alternative selective
prison policies. Using the rolling cohorts method, implementations of various penal scenarios differing in selection rate,
sentence disparity and selective accuracy are simulated. Results show that it is hard for selective policies to yield a positive
societal result: costs of imprisonment typically exceed benefits gained from crimes prevented.
相似文献
Arjan A. J. BloklandEmail: |
10.
Kristy Holtfreter Nicole Leeper Piquero Alex R. Piquero 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2008,49(5):397-412
Despite extensive financial losses and other indicators of harm, the American public and legal professionals have historically
been ambivalent toward white-collar crime. Recent research demonstrates that public perceptions of white-collar crime and
attitudes toward the punishment of white-collar offenders have become more punitive. Along these lines, a neglected area of
research concerns those individuals who routinely face white-collar crimes: fraud investigators. Using data collected during
the height of recent corporate scandals (2001–02), this study examines the perceptions of 663 fraud investigators and extends
prior research by considering the influence of investigator characteristics, organizational context (i.e., size, setting,
internal controls, and resource capacity), case characteristics (i.e., offense type, financial loss, and sanction), and offender
characteristics on legal professionals’ general and specific punishment perceptions. Results indicate that organizational
resources increase the likelihood of both outcomes. Additionally, the correlates of general and specific punishment perceptions
are found to differ: government agency context influences general but not specific perceptions. Comparatively, the perception
that fraud is increasing and a sanction that includes incarceration each have a significant, positive influence on specific
punishment perceptions. Implications of these findings for future research and policy are discussed.
相似文献
Kristy HoltfreterEmail: |
11.
Paul-Philippe Paré Richard B. Felson Marc Ouimet 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(3):243-258
We use data from the Province of Quebec to examine how the characteristics of a crime and the community context in which it
occurs affect the likelihood that it will be cleared by the police. Based on a sample of 362,295 crime incidents clustered
in 93 communities, multilevel analyses reveal that the police are more likely to clear crimes in small communities than in
large urban areas and in communities with greater levels of poverty. Workload is not very important, having only a slight
effect on the clearance of misdemeanors. The fact that offenders are much more likely to evade the law in some communities
than others may have important implications for deterrence. Two methods to improve the evaluation of police departments at
crime clearance are also proposed.
相似文献
Paul-Philippe ParéEmail: |
12.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
Yue Zhuo (Corresponding author)Email: |
Steven F. MessnerEmail: |
Lening ZhangEmail: |
13.
Hazel Croall 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(1):127-146
Consumers have long been recognized as one of the major groups of victims of white collar and corporate crime, although many
of the activities which harm them are not widely regarded as ‘crime’. They tend to attract less publicity, and have been subject
to less academic research, particularly in comparison with major financial frauds or cases involving mass harms. Moreover,
there has been a tendency to view consumers as a relatively undifferentiated group, all of whom are likely to be victimized.
This article identifies a wide range of crimes which affect consumers and explores some of the characteristics of victims
and offenders, arguing that while all consumers are at risk, the impact of consumer crime, like other forms of crime, reflects
wider patterns of structural inequality and falls most severely on the most disadvantaged.
相似文献
Hazel CroallEmail: |
14.
Comparative studies of crime have persistently challenged and daunted criminology scholars. For criminologists studying Japan,
interest has traditionally been focused on the country’s much-heralded low crime rate. The current study examines white-collar
lawbreaking in both the United States and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences in culture, law, criminal justice
system response, corporate governance, and regulation. The study concludes that if Japan’s low crime rate is an enigma to
criminologists, then its ample amounts of white-collar and corporate crime appear that much more puzzling. Given that the
depth of the problem of white-collar crime goes far beyond adjudicated cases, Japan’s remarkably low rate of common crime
is likely eclipsed by its rate of white-collar and corporate crime. The study concludes that the different legal and cultural
contexts of the “law in inaction” go far in explaining the official nonrecognition of white-collar and corporate crime in
both the United States and Japan.
相似文献
Henry N. PontellEmail: |
15.
Dina Siegel 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(1):21-29
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
相似文献
Dina SiegelEmail: |
16.
We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to obtain estimates of the number of crimes avoided through incapacitation
of individual offenders. Incarcerated individuals are matched to comparable non-incarcerated counterparts using propensity
score matching. Propensity scores for incarceration are calculated using a wide variety of time-stable and time-varying confounding
variables. We separately analyze juvenile (age 16 or 17) and adult (age 18 or 19) incapacitation effects. Our best estimate
is that between 6.2 and 14.1 offenses are prevented per year of juvenile incarceration, and 4.9 to 8.4 offenses are prevented
per year of adult incarceration.
相似文献
Gary SweetenEmail: |
17.
This study compared two groups of child pornography offenders participating in a voluntary treatment program: men whose known
sexual offense history at the time of judicial sentencing involved the possession, receipt, or distribution of child abuse
images, but did not include any “hands-on” sexual abuse; and men convicted of similar offenses who had documented histories
of hands-on sexual offending against at least one child victim. The goal was to determine whether the former group of offenders
were “merely” collectors of child pornography at little risk for engaging in hands-on sexual offenses, or if they were contact
sex offenders whose criminal sexual behavior involving children, with the exception of Internet crimes, went undetected. Our
findings show that the Internet offenders in our sample were significantly more likely than not to have sexually abused a
child via a hands-on act. They also indicate that the offenders who abused children were likely to have offended against multiple
victims, and that the incidence of “crossover” by gender and age is high.
相似文献
Michael L. BourkeEmail: |
18.
Simulation for Theory Testing and Experimentation: An Example Using Routine Activity Theory and Street Robbery 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Elizabeth R. Groff 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(2):75-103
Achieving a better understanding of the crime event in its spatio-temporal context is an important research area in criminology
with major implications for improving policy and developing effective crime prevention strategies. However, significant barriers
related to data and methods exist for conducting this type of research. The research requires micro-level data about individual
behavior that is difficult to obtain and methods capable of modeling the dynamic, spatio-temporal interaction of offenders,
victims, and potential guardians at the micro level. This paper presents simulation modeling as a method for addressing these
challenges. Specifically, agent-based modeling, when integrated with geographic information systems, offers the ability to
model individual behavior within a real environment. The method is demonstrated by operationalizing and testing routine activity
theory as it applies to the crime of street robbery. Model results indicate strong support for the basic premise of routine
activity theory; as time spent away from home increases, crime will increase. The strength of the method is in providing a
research platform for translating theory into models that can be discussed, shared, tested and enhanced with the goal of building
scientific knowledge.
相似文献
Elizabeth R. GroffEmail: |
19.
Chaos theory (or complex systems science, CSS) has made considerable inroads across a range of social science disciplines,
including criminology. However, little has been done to assess the relevance of chaos theory for advancing a philosophical
criminology. This task is significant because it tells us something about where, how, and why most modernist theories of crime
are of limited utility when advancing the interests of justice and humanism in society. Accordingly, this article outlines
the essential features of a philosophical criminology, including its commitments to ontology, epistemology, aesthetics, and
ethics. Moreover, the contexts in which several key chaos theory principles such as iteration, sensitive dependence on initial
conditions, bifurcations, attractors, fractal space, and dissipative structures function to promote a philosophical criminology
are explored. A number of implications stemming from this analysis for purposes of critical theory building in law, crime,
and justice studies are provisionally delineated.
相似文献
Bruce A. ArrigoEmail: |
20.
Measuring the Relationship Between Youth Criminal Participation and Household Economic Resources 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David Bjerk 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(1):23-39
Using data from the NLSY97, this paper re-examines the empirical relationship between household economic resources and youth
criminal participation. Previous estimates of this relationship have often suggested this relationship to be quite weak or
even non-existent. However, this analysis suggests that much of the strength of the relationship between household economic
resources and youth criminal participation may be obscured due to non-linearities in this relationship, the fact that this
relationship is isolated to crimes of a serious nature only, and especially because of measurement error with respect to measuring
household economic resources. I show that adjusting for these issues substantially increases the estimated strength of this
relationship. Indeed, the results in this paper show that the differences in serious criminal participation between youth
from households in the upper parts of the income distribution and youth from households in the lower parts of the income distribution
appear to be greater than the difference in serious criminal participation between genders.
相似文献
David BjerkEmail: |