浅谈跨文化的商务谈判应对策略

根据当前跨文化的商务谈判中存在的问题,在新时期跨文化的商务谈判中应懂得世界不同国家的文化差异、谈判习惯、风俗习惯、各国商人的谈判风格,这对提高跨文化商务谈判有一定的帮助.     

萨特自由理论的发展轨迹

萨特的自由理论有一个阶段性发展的过程,主要经历了本体论的自由－个人的绝对自由到实践中的自由——行动介入的自由的转变。历史渊源、社会环境、童年生活是其绝对自由观念形成的主要原因,随着社会发展以及他本人生活经历的转折。最终形成了社会历史条件下的自由观。     

Policy analysis: A conceptual base for a theory of improvement

The purpose of reason or rationality in the analysis of resource allocation decisions is to provide decision makers with guidance on policy decisions which result in improvement, i.e. a net increment in social welfare. The difficulty with what might be called the microrationality of cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis as conventionally practised is that unless the context of such rationality is established in the larger framework of what might in turn be called the macrorationality which reflects an awareness of the properties of the whole system, the policy analyst cannot know whether his recommendation will upgrade (constitute an improvement in) or degrade (constitute a deterioration in) the system as a whole. The paper attempts to suggest a first conceptual approach, and an implied research agenda, addressed to developing a more effective general context for policy analysis. The suggested approach has four major components; first, the establishment of the basis for policy analysis in the explicit specification of a general weighted objective function for national policy and a corresponding set of functions for particular programs and projects; second, the development and incorporation in cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of a set of analytical parameters which establish the basis for policy analyses which are in the first instance comparable, and in the second instance consistent with the national objective function; third, the development of a general analytical framework for cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis which recognizes the essential interdependency of policy decisions, including the financing implications of expenditure policies; and, finally, the explicit recognition of the need for a criterion of overall system improvement in the development of an analytical framework for the measurement of the trades-off or opportunity costs between alternative policy mixes.     

Bureaucracy and development in Saudi Arabia: A behavioural analysis

The objective of the paper is to evaluate the developmental potential of the Saudi bureaucracy in terms of the innovative or developmental attitudes of its members. The paper is divided into four sections: (1) a brief discussion of the research procedures used in the study, (2) an analysis of group perceptions of innovative values within the Saudi bureaucracy, (3) an analysis of the innovative attitudes of Saudi bureaucrats and (4) an analysis of the factors inhibiting the development of innovative behaviour among Saudi bureaucrats. The results of the study indicate low levels of innovative behaviour among Saudi bureaucrats.     

From simplicity to complexity: The development of theory in the study of judicial behavior

This article assesses the development of theories of judicial behavior in the United States in the past few decades. It is argued that the study of judicial behavior has been relatively balkanized, with some advances within particular theoretical contexts, but with little successful effort at integrating different approaches within a comprehensive theory. Although I develop no such comprehensive theory in this article, I do argue that the predominant frameworks for analyzing judicial behavior—attitude theory, fact pattern theory, role theory, small group theory, organization theory, and environmental theories—are not incompatible and can be at least partially integrated. In order to accomplish the desired integration, there are three desiderata:

• The most general and useful unit of theoretical analysis is the individual decision maker.
• Nonindividual level theories can and should be articulated to include propositions about the underlying microlevel processes.
• Comprehensive theory can best be developed through models that incorporate influences stemming from various levels (e.g., group, institution, environment) but that ultimately focus on the individual.

Thus, theories of judicial behavior must become more complex if they are to achieve a higher level of explanation and prediction.     

实践存在论美学浅析

进入新世纪以来,中国美学界出现了多元展开的新局面。各派都有一些学者在努力做一些建设性的工作,尝试按各自的思路建构比较系统的美学理论。其中,朱立元先生在继承和发展实践美学的基础上,提出了实践存在论美学的基本构想并运用到其美学理论研究当中,构成了实践存在论美学独特的理论内涵。作为当代中国美学的一种新尝试,实践存在论美学在一定程度上弥补了实践美学的不足,为当代中国美学的发展开辟了一条全新的道路。     

中国特色社会主义理论体系形成和发展的历史经验

对时代主题的深刻把握是中国特色社会主义理论体系形成和发展的时代背景;毛泽东社会主义建设思想对中国特色社会主义理论体系形成和发展起到了奠基性作用;马克思主义思想路线为中国特色社会主义理论体系形成和发展提供了哲学指导;改革开放为中国特色社会主义理论体系形成和发展提供了实践舞台;中国特色社会主义理论体系是一个不断丰富和发展的体系。     

交通调查分析系统软件开发

从软件开发统计计算的基础和理论依据谈起,详细阐述交通调查分析系统软件的开发环境、主要功能、模块构成以及各模块功能的实现方式.     

Citizenship studies: A general theory

Societies face two contradictory principles. They are organised around issues of scarcity, which result in exclusionary structures such as gender divisions, social classes and status groups, but they must also secure social solidarity. In social science, these contradictory principles are characteristically referred to as the allocative and integrative requirements. In a secular society, especially where social inequality is intensified by economic rationalism, citizenship functions as a major foundation of social solidarity. The article also explores the scope of citizenship studies through an examination of identity, civic virtue and community. It concludes with an extensive critique of the legacy of T. H. Marshall, pointing to the future of citizenship studies around the theme of globalisation and human rights.     

马克思主义社会发展理论与科学发展观

科学发展观是同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和＂三个代表＂重要思想既一脉相承又与时俱进的科学理论,从历史、理论和现实的结合上,通过对马克思社会发展理论的考察,能够深化对马克思社会发展理论基本原理及其当代价值的认识,也能够升华对科学发展观理论体系科学价值的认识。     

政治文明:提升认识、整合理论及规制发展

政治文明范畴的提出 ,既有重大的理论意义也有重大的实践意义 ,首先 ,它将大大提升我们对政治建设重要性的认识 ,其次 ,它将我们在社会主义建设中取得各种政治认识成果整合成为完整的社会主义政治文明理论 ,最后 ,它将对正在广度和深度两个方面展开的政治发展进行必要的规制 ,使其朝着社会主义政治文明的目标发展     

马克思交往理论与哈贝马斯交往理论比较分析

马克思的交往理论基于物质生产实践,注重的是人与自然的物质变换过程中的所形成的人与人之间的生产关系、经济关系、阶级关系、社会关系等,物质交换往往在全部交往行为中具有中心和基础地位。而哈贝马斯的交往理论以理解为目的,注重人与人在话语交流过程中所形成的主体间性,强调在思想上、精神上达成共识。处理好马克思主义交往理论与哈贝马斯交往理论的辩证关系,可以丰富我们对交往理论的认识,更好的指导实践,改善现实生活。     

荀子论人性

荀子的性恶论思想在先秦诸子百家关于人性的论断中是独树一帜的,这也是后人对荀子诟病最多的地方,到底荀子是怎样论说人性从而断定人性本恶的呢?本文主要就是试图还原荀子性恶论思想的真实含义并反思其积极的意义.     

中国共产党人对马克思主义自由途径理论的应用与发展

马克思主义认为,实践是人类实现自由的根本途径。中国共产党人以唯物史观发现和解决中国的现实问题,中国人民追求自由的伟大事业一步步地推向深入,使马克思主义自由途径理论在中国有了新的形态。