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1.
This article discusses the effect of China’s economic rise on East Asian economic integration and concludes that the emergence
of China as an increasingly important economic power has made a great contribution to Asian economic integration mainly through
four channels: being a main importer and FDI destination country for most Asian countries under the processing export pattern;
the renminbi’s more active image in the regional currency cooperation and its potential role as one of the core regional currencies
in the future; playing a more important role in the regional political affairs and having an increasing potential to be part
of the political core power (together with Japan); the demonstration and stimulative effects made by the motion of the FTA
between China and ASEAN.
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2.
In East Asia, the Action Plan of the Coordinating Body of the Seas of East Asia (COBSEA) aims to protect the marine and coastal environment. COBSEA is funded by member countries and UNEP, member countries discuss common problems and resolve and diagnose cross-boundary degradation of marine environments. Success has come from funding for coral reef community activities and the Global Environment Facility funds for the South China Sea Project. COBSEA is actively engaged in the Global Plan of Action for Land-based sources of pollution and the Swedish Government is funding a programme to integrate marine and coastal activities in East Asian Seas. COBSEA is not always successful because of lack of member countries’ commitment and understanding of marine and coastal degradation by the wider community. COBSEA could easily combine with other agencies or have closer ties with them. It is suggested that the COBSEA member countries decide on a code of practice for donors and the responsibilities of funding recipients. 相似文献
3.
The hardening of soft budget constraints (SBCs) is a central element in transforming the economies of Central and Eastern
Europe into market economies. This paper presents macro evidence on budget hardening of transition economies comparing the
performance of EU accession countries relative to non-accession countries. We estimate SBC hardening for 21 transition economies
in a partial adjustment model by measuring the reaction of employment to output changes over a 10-year period. The paper finds
that accession candidates have reduced excess labour demand substantially relative to non-accession countries.
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4.
Institutional regionalization has come very late to East Asia compared with Europe, but its pace has dramatically increased
since the mid-1990s. Many agreements, including bilateral ones such as those signed between Japan and Singapore, or pluri-lateral
ones such as those between ASEAN countries, cover an ever increasing number of countries of the East Asian region, including
Japan, India, and China. We first analyze Asian integration as a de facto, spontaneous, development of trade. Trade specialization
in Asia has often been described as guided by the different levels of development of the countries participating in the regional
integration. It constitutes a vertical division of labor between poor countries exporting natural resources and/or labor-intensive
products to developed countries exporting machinery, sophisticated parts and components, and high-tech products. This trade
structure is radically different from the European horizontal division of labor (exchange of different varieties of similar
goods). Then we look at the micro-economic level how Japanese firms tend to integrate Asia into their international network,
with Japanese partners being used as relays for Japanese export of semi-manufactured products. Last we present a simulation
with the MIRAGE model of a scenario of general regionalization in which all the regions of the world develop preferential
treatment for neighboring countries. These agreements are limited to industrial products with particular attention to the
automotive sector. The main results are that Asia is the main winner in such a scenario, and within Asia it is Japan and Korea
that will be the main winners. In fact, because developing Asia is one of the most protected regions of the world, the impact
of liberalization is also the highest. Second, Japan and Korea are best placed to profit from these regional agreements, because
other developed countries are excluded from the market of developing Asia. They also have superiority in manufacturing goods
whereas countries like China might have problems upscaling their industrial production. Nevertheless our model did not take
into account the voluntary pace of development chosen by China and that she will use her powerful state system to avoid being
locked into low-tech, low-value-added products.
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5.
This paper investigates the role of transnational organized crime in the democratisation process in the Central Asian area.
It examines the inherent connections that exist between the leading tribal families, political elites and organized crime,
and explores how criminal networks have proliferated in society and consequently in politics. The complete absence of a ruling
élite and striking economic issues left unsolved were the legacy that Soviet rule would leave to the newly independent Central
Asian Republics. After the fall of the former Soviet Union other, more profitable forms of transnational organized crime flourished.
According to the official statistics of the UNODC and the American State Department, 92% of the world’s heroin is produced
in Afghanistan. Of this, around 65% is smuggled into Europe and America along the Silk Road, and therefore through the five
Central Asian Republics and Russia. High levels of corruption in Central Asia heavily affect political and economic life.
The economies of the region have progressively become dominated by criminal activity with smuggling, trafficking and other
activities linked to transnational organized crime as the major source of income. Central Asia’s strategic location makes
this a global security concern.
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6.
Lack of action on cross-border environmental problems in developing countries is often ascribed to gaps in local capacity
and resources, failure of regional cooperation and lack of financial support from rich countries. Using the case of the Southeast
Asian Haze pollution from forest and peat fires in Indonesia, we explore the challenges posed by environmental problems whose
causes are closely linked to local development and livelihood strategies, and whose impacts are local, regional (haze) as
well as global (carbon emissions). We assess whether there are real opportunities to implement effectively the recent Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. To address the deep determinants behind haze
pollution, we propose signatories to the Agreement refocus their efforts to controlling peat fires rather than to strive for
a zero-burning regime. We also recommend a new approach to financing sustainable development based on rules and incentives,
with a regional pool of funds, contributed by rich countries through the Global Environment Facility and countries in Southeast
Asia.
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7.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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8.
This paper compares and contrasts South East Asian and European Union countries’ perceptions of the priorities for anti money
laundering (AML) and anti terrorist finance (ATF) in relation to three industries: security goods and services; the timber
trade; and ‘informal’ value transfer and banking services. It might be expected that all countries would equally support each
of these aspects of AML/ATF policies, without differentiating between the industries generating the proceeds. As this paper
will show, however, historical experiences, contemporary political relations and patterns of trade shape countries’ approaches,
resulting in distinctive enthusiasms and reservations. In a nutshell, the EU points most strongly to products and services
originating in Asia as posing AML/CTF risks, and locates primary responsibility for monitoring and control as falling within
Asia - a projection of risk and responsibility that is reciprocated by Asian countries. Asian countries perceive a need for
tighter control of dangerous products exported by the west, for example, small arms and light weapons, and of related money
laundering circuits. Asian and European policy makers increasingly articulate concerns over illegal logging and related laundering,
however European importers and their governments see responsibilities for this as falling primarily within Asia. Finally,
the EU (like the US) perceives high levels of laundering risk in ‘informal’ value transfer/banking services, in which Asian-run
businesses have a global competitive advantage. For the future, as the international balance of trade shifts, and as Asia
increases its influence in international fora including those concerned with AML/CTF, so the region’s policy preferences may
be expected to carry more weight.
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9.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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10.
For developing countries, aid cannot replace trade. Mutually supportive trade and environmental policies should contribute
to the realization of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to identify the negotiating position of selected
Asian developing countries on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE). This paper reviews
their submissions and suggestions for the CTE with regard to its mandate on trade and environment. In addition, using key
trade statistics, it explores the relationship between their negotiating positions and changes in the structure of international
trade in Asia. While the CTE has brought about no specific results concerning its mandate, the negotiating positions of developing
countries are changing sharply. In particular, Asian developing countries now participate proactively in CTE negotiations.
This paper shows the diversity of views held by Asian countries on trade and environment. In some cases, their views are opposed
to each other. It can also be observed that the negotiating position of each Asian country at the CTE is closely related to
its own trade structure. In accordance with national patterns of trade structure, NIEs, China and India have their own distinct
negotiating positions whereas Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have not taken the same stance in the
CTE negotiations. Each member of ASEAN presents separate views depending on the nature of the issue.
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11.
Current international financial system is characterized by the global dollar standard where the US dollar plays an essential
role in many aspects of international usages. This is particularly the case in Asia where the dollar remains as a major reserve,
vehicle and anchor currency. The paper deals with the challenges of dollar over-reliance in the world in general and in Asia
in particular, with emphasis on the fact that Asia being a creditor to the US has to cope with the problems and instability
that the dollar standard brings about. Asia needs to have further regional financial integration and to strengthen regional
financial cooperation supported by a strong institutional arrangement, a sound regional financial market and a collective
regional monetary regime.
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12.
This paper explains why and how entrepreneurship has emerged as an engine of economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness
in global markets. The entrepreneurial society reflects the emergence as entrepreneurship as an important source of economic
growth.
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13.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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14.
Developing a typology for delinquent and criminal gangs has a long history in criminology and criminal justice. Although many
typologies have been proposed in the past eight decades, the great majority of these classifications are based on the consideration
of one single factor. This approach obviously oversimplifies the nature of gangs and may give gang researchers an impression
that gangs of a certain category differ totally from those of another category. The author of this paper argues that differences
between gangs are relative, not absolute. To demonstrate this point, a nomenclature on Asian gangs based on the different
combinations of the three factors of political belief, organizational layout, and political connection is suggested. According
to this nomenclature, Asian gangs can be conceptually categorized as STP, SEP, STN, SEN, ITP, IEP, ITN, and IEN types.
Hua-Lun Huang
is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette. His specialized areas include Chinese and Japanese
secret societies, Chinese and Japanese organized crime, and pirates of East Asia. 相似文献
15.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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16.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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17.
Incarceration rates in many countries (the US and Australia among them) have risen spectacularly over the last twenty years
and are only partially explicable by increases in crime rates. Moreover, in some countries where crime rates have shown a
comparable time-path, incarceration rates have not shown the same spectacular increase. The aim of this paper is to explore
the politics of punishment. The claim is that the US and Australian experiences are best understood in terms of political
considerations; and that this fact lends some support to the “expressive” as distinct from the “interest” approach to electoral
behaviour.
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18.
Based on my experience of conducting an ethnographic study with the Kurdish community in a town in the North East of England
I offer a reflection on interviewing three retired cigarette smugglers, who operated in Greece in 2002 and 2003. A reflection
on my experiences in this research process is provided with a reference to the absolute and relative value of the (data from
the) interviews conducted.
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19.
In most developing countries currency depreciation is said to be contractionary. This is because depreciation reduces the
aggregate supply more than it increases the aggregate demand. However, emerging European economies have received no attention
so far, mostly due to unavailability of data. Now that enough time-series data are available, we try to fill the gap by investigating
the impact of real depreciation in effective exchange rates of Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Russia, and Slovak Republic on their domestic output. We find that in the short run real depreciation is expansionary
in Belarus, Latvia, Poland, and Slovak Republic; contractionary in Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Russia; and has no
effect in Lithuania. In almost none of the countries, the short-run effects last into the long run.
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20.
Seven recommendations are offered for the Obama Administration to ensure that the economy is on a robust growth path over
the next decade. These recommendations are intended as first steps towards building the innovation-based public-private partnerships
needed to drive economic growth and prosperity.
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