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在证言研究中有一著名的理论假设:即来自于真实经历的证言与经他人教唆或自己幻想产生的证言是有区别的。现代的法庭科学与司法心理学也证实了"亲身经历过的事件记忆与想象记忆有着质的差异"。建立在上述差异基础上所形成的陈述有效性评估技术,专门用于检测言词的准确性,现已经在一些西方国家得以运用,在个别国家还甚至被运用于刑事领域。 相似文献
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Mike Redmayne 《The Modern law review》2002,65(1):19-35
This article considers how statistical reasoning changes conceptions of evidence and proof. Beginning with three Court of Appeal judgments in which proof is quantified, it traces the implications of statistical ways of thinking about proof through the law of criminal evidence. This leads to the bizarre conclusion that proof is, by and large, impossible. The argument then takes a more constructive turn. The way in which the presumption of innocence is conceptualised in statistical argument is criticised and it is suggested that proof depends on a precondition of trust in the way suspects are selected by the police. For that trust to be deserved, police suspects must be chosen in a legitimate manner. 相似文献
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实践中的行政证明可划分为行政确认性行政证明和作证性行政证明两类。行政审判中将行政证明一概作为书证加以审查认定实质上是一种误区。行政主体作出行政证明的类别相异.其证据形式也应当区别对待。将作证性行政证明归入证人证言的证据形式是解除行政诉讼中作证性行政证明作为证据材料使用时面临困境的较好路径。 相似文献
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单位证明的误区——论刑事诉讼中的单位作证中如何避免滥用证人权利 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
单位作证是司法实践中的一种普遍现象,其中尤以单位证明的使用最为广泛和富有争议。本文阐述单位证明作为诉讼证据使用的现状,并对单位证明作合法性分析,解读因单位证明的使用导致单位滥用证人权利现象的产生及成因,提出如何规范和引导单位作证行为,限制和约束单位滥用证人权利,以解决单位作证中遇到的理论和实际问题。 相似文献
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单位作证是司法实践中的一种普遍现象,其中尤以单位证明的使用最为广泛和富有争议。本文阐述单位证明作为诉讼证据使用的现状,并对单位证明作合法性分析,解读因单位证明的使用导致单位滥用证人权利现象的产生及成因,提出如何规范和引导单位作证行为,限制和约束单位滥用证人权利,以解决单位作证中遇到的理论和实际问题。 相似文献
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以贝叶斯分析为代表的概率论,是改变了人类生活之现代科学成就中至关重要的组成部分。然而,它并非是铸就这种成就的唯一认知工具。法庭科学和法律以多种方式关联,但同时又有天壤之别。法庭科学,如同其他任何科学一样,致力于将复杂性降至允许精心设计研究并精确解释的可控水平。法律制度却无法享受这种奢华,且必须在有限时间内应对不可计数、变化多端的人类社会复杂性。司法证明运用包括概率论在内的多种认知工具,以辅助似真推理,但归根结底,它不能被简化为数字和数学公式。 相似文献
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The paper follows on from earlier work [Taroni F and Aitken CGG. Probabilistic reasoning in the law, Part 1: assessment of probabilities and explanation of the value of DNA evidence. Science & Justice 1998; 38: 165-177]. Different explanations of the value of DNA evidence were presented to students from two schools of forensic science and to members of fifteen laboratories all around the world. The responses were divided into two groups; those which came from a school or laboratory identified as Bayesian and those which came from a school or laboratory identified as non-Bayesian. The paper analyses these responses using a likelihood approach. This approach is more consistent with a Bayesian analysis than one based on a frequentist approach, as was reported by Taroni F and Aitken CGG. [Probabilistic reasoning in the law, Part 1: assessment of probabilities and explanation of the value of DNA evidence] in Science & Justice 1998. 相似文献
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D.J. Balding 《Science & justice》1999,39(4):257-260
The probability that a defendant's DNA profile is unique in a population of untyped individuals is shown to be bounded below by one minus twice the sum of the match probabilities over the population. This bound assumes that the possibility of laboratory or handling error can be neglected, and applies only when there is no non-DNA evidence in favour of the defendant. There cannot be a completely general lower bound: if there is overwhelming non-DNA evidence that the defendant is not the source of the crime stain, then that is also overwhelming evidence of non-uniqueness. Application to k-locus short tandem repeat (STR) profiles is discussed, and illustrated with calculations based on the 6-STR-locus system used in current UK casework. However, because of the problem of the non-DNA evidence, there seems to be no satisfactory way for an expert witness to address the question of uniqueness in court. 相似文献
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Brian H. Bornstein 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2013,19(4):429-446
Participants in two experiments acted as jurors for a personal-injury case containing different types of expert testimony. In both experiments, the defendant was more likely to obtain a verdict in his favor when his expert presented anecdotal case histories than when the expert presented experimental data. Participants’ liability judgments were correlated with their perceptions of the experts’ credibility (experiments 1 and 2) and were moderated somewhat by their need for cognition and preference for numerical information (experiment 2). The results are discussed in terms of reasoning heuristics such as the base-rate fallacy. 相似文献
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法学研究强调逻辑的严谨性以及语言的规范性,作为法学分支学科的证据法学当然亦莫能外。但是,近年来方兴起的证据法学科,在我国开展的时日尚短,且一直与传统的证据学学科之间纠缠不清,以至于我国证据法学的学科体系迟迟不能建立,甚至连作为学科基础的基本概念都未能达成共识,缺乏统一性和规范性,理论研究和证据实务中用语不规范的问题一直存在,混用、误用基本概念和术语的现象较为普遍。这不仅影响到理论研究的严谨性,甚至干扰到实务操作的实效性。 相似文献
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“两种意见”和“两种检验报告”的性质和作用问题,在司法鉴定和司法活动中是经常引起争议的理论和实践问题。本文针对当前的争议.对每个问题提出了自己的观点和解决争议的主张。认为“鉴定专家咨询委员会”出具的“鉴定咨询意见”不是鉴定意见.不能作为定案的根据,只能作为侦查、审查起诉、审判的参考。并论证了其中的多方面原因;主张“鉴定检验报告”应当区分法定与法外两种性质,分别属于法定鉴定意见证据和仅供审判部门参考的非法定证据.并提出了对两种不同性质“检验报告”的使用评断原则;认为人民检察院、人民法院的“科技证据审核活动”.属于司法机关对鉴定意见的内部咨询活动,审查的范围仅限于四个方面.技审人员和机构无权对司法鉴定意见进行否定或肯定.只能对四方面的问题提出“审查建议”,“技术审查意见”只能作为检察、审判机关审查起诉和审判的内部参考.不能栽入起诉书和裁判文书。 相似文献
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“以事实为根据”原则的权威是建立在缺乏理性分析的信念之上的 ;“案件事实”在司法领域和诉讼领域过程中是已经虚无化的存在 ;“以事实为根据”的原则是阻碍中国证据规则研究深入发展的重要因素之一。 相似文献
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根据符号学理论,证据作为一个符号现象本质上是一种意义生产机制而非证据事实本身。符号学证据理论认为,人类文化记忆和证实的最基本方式包括"听"(口述证据)、"看"(图像证据和实物证据)以及介于这二者之间的第三状态"写"。符号学更关注不同的证据符号间的关联方式的研究,可称为证据间性研究,即一种证据符号的性质不仅取决于它与待证事实之间的真实关联性.而且取决于它与其他证据符号之间的互动关系。这种互动关系的最基本类型就是言、文、象综合运用,我们称之为三重证据法。本文利用符号学三重证据法探讨了一些证据法的基本问题。 相似文献
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地方性刑事证据规则与全国性刑事证据立法相对应,我国各地广泛开展了制定和实施刑事证据规则的试点,具有一定的进步性,但又存在广泛的问题,其产生的动因主要是防止冤假错案,保持司法公正和增强法律的可操作性,今后我国应该走全国统一刑事证据规则的道路。 相似文献