Civil commitment in Turkey: reflections on a bill drafted by psychiatrists

Involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill has been an issue that still remains outside the judicial system in Turkey. Despite the new Turkish Civil Code, which includes several articles relevant to involuntary psychiatric hospital admissions, there still appears to be a need for a comprehensive mental health law to address specific issues concerning civil commitment of the mentally ill. As a result of the lack of specific statutory regulation, an insufficient number of psychiatric hospital beds and limited appreciation of the safety risks involved in untreated mental illness, involuntary hospitalization remains an underutilized option by psychiatrists and the courts alike. In response to its concerned members, the Psychiatric Association of Turkey has appointed a task force to draft a proposed mental health law, entitled the "Psychiatric Patients' Bill of Rights." Although the draft suggests a model with emphasis on the right to psychiatric treatment, it also recommends close judicial oversight to prevent potential abuses of discretion by the system. However, this might present logistic problems in a country with already overburdened courts. Authors discuss the highlights of the draft within the context of Turkey's current cultural, social and judicial structure, and compare it to similar laws of other countries.     

非单一性：船舶建造合同法律属性之特征

船舶建造合同既有买卖合同的特点,又有承揽合同的特征。各国的立法和司法实践对于船舶建造合同法律属性的认定各不相同。比较分析各主要航运国家对船舶建造合同法律属性的界定标准,指出船舶建造合同的法律属性不具有单一性,应首先以当事人的意思表示为判断标准确定船舶建造合同的属性。在缺乏明示的意思表示的情况下,可借助其他因素确定合同的主要特征,推定出当事人的意思表示。如果仍无法推定,应认定为混合合同,根据具体争议的类型,确定其法律属性。     

服务期协议：概念、本质及其法律效力分析

服务期协议是用人单位在为劳动者先履行或承诺先履行相应给付义务或为劳动者提供了某种特殊待遇的情况下，要求劳动者对其承诺为本单位工作满一定年限作为补偿并在该期限内不另谋职业的特定契约。它是劳资双方以劳动合同为基础所形成的特殊约定，需要我们借助劳动法和民法的双重思维，结合服务期协议的不同约定进行具体处理。     

The clinical trial research participant as an inside trader: a legal and policy analysis

This Article examines whether a participant in a clinical research trial for a drug obtains material nonpublic information about the drug and its manufacturer or licensor and, if so, whether the participant may lawfully trade securities based on that information. This issue has been noted but not examined in depth in several articles in recent years. After an introduction to the federal law of insider trading and a discussion of relevant aspects of a supervised research trial, the Article concludes that, absent an agreement to the contrary, the participant would be free to trade securities based on any material nonpublic information learned in the trial. The author evaluates the extent to which the information is material and nonpublic and then presents the policy issues surrounding whetherthe participantshould be precluded from trading when in possession of material nonpublic information gained as a result of participation in the trial. While not resolving the competing policy considerations, including the value of allowing participants to make disclosure of their experiences in the trial before publication of the results in a peer reviewed journal, the Article presents an approach for preventing the misuse of material nonpublic information gained in the clinical trial context, by obtaining an agreement from the participant, and an agreement from the limited circle of persons to whom the participant should be allowed to make disclosure in any event (such as his personal physician and family members), that would render any trading by them unlawful under the federal law of insider trading.     

Work commitment in the legal profession: a study of Baby Boomers and Generation Xers

Growing attention is being paid to the generational differences in the work orientations of professionals, particularly among Baby Boomers and Generation Xers. It is suggested that the role that work plays in one's life is the most significant generational difference, where Generation Xers are viewed as less committed to work, careers and employers than Baby Boomers. Most of this literature however is supported at best by anecdotal evidence rather than empirical data. This paper empirically addresses two questions: (1) are Generation X lawyers less committed to their work than Baby Boomer lawyers?; and (2) do the factors related to work commitment differ for Generation X lawyers and Baby Boomer lawyers? The regression results show there is no significant generational difference in work commitment. The generations do differ in the factors that are related to their work commitment however. Work effort and extrinsic rewards are generally more highly related to Baby Boomers' commitment and intrinsic rewards to Generation Xers' work commitment.     

Authentic assessment in contract law: legal drafting

Legal drafting is a vital skill for lawyers and thus it is important for law students to be exposed to drafting throughout their degree. One of the first year courses most suited to this exercise is contract law. This paper discusses the inclusion of a drafting exercise as part of the contract law assessment over four years in terms of the authenticity of the assessment task and feedback from students about the exercise. A sample exercise is included in the paper. These exercises required students to draft clauses to be inserted into a contract or draft a short contract and this work demonstrated an application of the material being covered in class. Initially, this assessment was set as a largely independent exercise with students being directed to relevant resources. It was found that additional scaffolding was needed and each year more extensive resources were provided. Although the students who participated in the survey were predominantly students who had passed the course, the majority each year believed that it was a useful exercise, of value for their future careers and of more practical relevance than other forms of assessment.     

Abortion and legal policy

This paper reviews four legal policies in abortion from a critical theory of law perspective. Since the Comstock era, abortion policy has undergone radical shifts from criminalization in the last quarter of the nineteenth century to decriminalization in the late 1960s, followed by legalization and medical control over the last decade. Yet, until recently, little scholarly attention has been given to the social and political implications of these various policy shifts (almost all studies focus on the current legal phase only) often in isolation from other social and political realities. In this paper we draw on historical, demographic, participant-observation, interview, and documentary and legal materials to analyze the transformations of legal control structures in abortion. This shows both the creation of abortion law, which is imbedded in structures of sexual domination, and the contradictions in abortion law, which express antagonisms in civil society as well as promote alliances within ruling groups. The abortion case further clarifies the failure of legality to transcend existing gender inequalities, thereby contributing to further erosion of welfare rights for poor women and their children.     

Criminal justice and the voluntary sector: a policy that does not compute

The profile of the women who tend to get caught up in the criminal justice system has changed little over the past 30 years. Compared to the general population, they are socially and economically disadvantaged, poorly educated and have high incidence of mental health and substance misuse problems. Experience of physical violence and sexual abuse is depressingly prevalent in their biographies (see for example, Gelsthorpe et al., 2007). In addition, the steep rise, compared to men, in the imprisonment of women throughout the 1990s, most commonly for short sentences of six months or less, exacerbated their marginalisation and failed to reduce reoffending.     

试析医疗合同法律关系

医疗法律关系是医疗卫生领域的主要社会关系,它包括医疗合同关系、医疗无因管理关系和强制医疗关系等,其中最常见的应是患者与医疗机构或医务人员之间的合同关系。本文笔者就医疗合同法律关系的主体、客体、内容和医疗合同的法律责任等作一些法理上的分析探讨,以期为医疗合同立法提供参考。     

试析医疗合同法律关系

医疗法律关系是医疗卫生领域的主要社会关系，它包括医疗合同关系、医疗无因管理关系和强制医疗关系等，其中最常见的应是患者与医疗机构或医务人员之间的合同关系。本文笔者就医疗合同法律关系的主体、客体、内容和医疗合同的法律责任等作一些法理上的分析探讨，以期为医疗合同立法提供参考。