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1.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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2.
Terrorist violence and violent justice responses have much in common. While contextually dependant, both forms of violence
lay claim to contestred legitimacies. The relationships between terrorism and justice responses require both theoretical and
empirical examination if the prospects for controlling the violence they perpetrate is to be sharpened.
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3.
Organized crime is often conceptualized as a business enterprise formed by actors motivated by profits. The Balkans represents
an ideal case for testing the extent to which assumptions about the image of actors involved in illegal arms trading can be
extrapolated to the macro-level of analysis. Focusing mainly on public discourse, this paper points to several thematic categories
of illicit arms trafficking: i) profit-oriented arms trafficking involving organized crime groups ii) trafficking of arms
for the purpose of arming criminal-terrorist formations and iii) state-sponsored illegal arms trafficking. Although economic
incentives appear strong in many cases, other cultural, social and political issues also frame the illicit arms market in
the region. We argue that both understanding and policing organized crime should also embrace the non-economic nature of this
type of criminal behavior.
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4.
This article analyzes the investigation and prosecution of contemporary Chinese criminal organizations through the study of
one major human smuggling case: the trial of “Sister Ping.” Data were obtained from media reports, court documents, and from
interviews with parties familiar with the case. It is argued that modern human smuggling groups such as the one run by Sister
Ping are informal and decentralized organizations against which the RICO statute may be of little use.
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5.
The Migrant Clinicians Network’s Familias con Voz (Families with a Voice) project aims to train migrant men and women to become intimate partner violence (IPV) peer educators
in their communities. In preparation for implementing educational activities, a community survey was conducted with 298 participants
in three Texas border counties. Verbal abuse, such as name calling, was the most frequent type of violence reported. Men perceived
anger as a cause of partner violence significantly more than women. Only 22% of respondents reported knowing of a shelter
they could turn to for help. Surprisingly, a majority of participants cited “seeking help from the police” when asked about
ways to decrease partner violence. Survey results offer insight into developing effective intervention programs by capturing
the intended audiences’ beliefs and attitudes. Additionally, survey results reveal possible strategies for how to tackle IPV
in U.S.-Mexico border migrant farmworker communities.
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6.
This article focuses on drug trafficking violence in Mexico and on those elements of the violence in Iraq which are related
to competition for the control over smuggling of oil and other largely licit commodities. It suggests that the broader context
is critical, while the nature of the commodity—and in particular whether it is prohibited or simply a legal commodity that
is stolen and diverted to both domestic and international black markets—is not the major determinant of the level of violence.
Both Mexico and Iraq suffer from transitional violence (arrangements for criminal activity which were dominated by the state
have broken down), are characterized by anomie and a culture of lawlessness, have a surfeit of specialists in violence along
with the ready availability of weapons, and are afflicted by high levels of corruption. In Mexico the violence has centered
around the control of drug routes and strategic warehouses on the Mexico–United States border as well as control of local
retail markets; in the southern province of Basra in Iraq the violence has centered on control of oil smuggling. While some
of the violence has targeted state authorities it also reflects the fragmentation of criminal organizations.
The author would like to thank Peter Andreas and Joel Wallman for their excellent substantive and editorial comments and suggestions.
Phil Williams is Professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, and author
of a forthcoming monograph on Organized Crime in Iraq to be published by the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
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7.
American Indian and European American women’s definitions and perceived causes for domestic violence were examined. Attitudes
towards violence and battering as it relates to the self were measured with two scales. As predicted, results indicated American
Indian women and European American women held different conceptualizations of what constitutes domestic violence and different
notions concerning the cause of domestic violence. Also, American Indian women were more attuned to external causes for violence,
while European American women referred to internal explanations for such violence. Differences in social and psychological
histories of violence and attitudinal orientations toward violence were indicated. Legal and health system changes are recommended
in order to combat violence in Indian country.
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8.
Official and victimisation data show that despite falling rates for motor vehicle thefts, much of the EU ‘organized crime’
related thefts have remained almost stable. Nevertheless, the car-theft market in the EU has changed, and so has the role
of traditional destinations for stolen vehicles, such as Eastern Europe. The paper examines the demand, supply, and regulation
factors that shape the structures of the vehicle theft market in Bulgaria, and smuggling patterns and offender behaviour in
source countries, in particular Spain. We argue that such nuanced historical approach that takes into account a wider range
of factors in destination countries can help explain the recent transformations in Europe’s vehicle-theft markets.
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9.
This article looks at the intersection between contraband and violence in Southeast Asia. I argue that the two activities
are often linked and play off one another in specific, contextualized ways. To make this case, I examine instances of smuggling
in the history of the region; through the trade in human beings, both historically and today; through the transit of narcotics,
again historically and today; and via the conduit of a range of other contraband cargoes. Race, religion, memory and geography
all factor into the outcome of when smuggling may take on violent forms. I chronicle these occasions throughout the width
and breadth of the region, stretching from the Thai/Burmese border in the north to the island world of Insular Southeast Asia
in the south. Throughout the essay, I pay particular attention to the larger milieus of commerce, politics, and society that
condition moments when acts of smuggling may in fact turn violent.
**NB: Most of the field-research for this piece (including local newspaper article accumulation) was done in the late 1990s
under a Fulbright grant. A subsequent Faculty Fulbright in 2004 supplemented much of this earlier research, and also allowed
me to travel to a number of other locales to make observations on this topic.
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10.
This paper introduces the concept of “altruism born of suffering,” and provides a review and integration of relevant research
and theories from various disciplines. In contrast to the well-supported notion that prosocial behavior is rooted in positive
experiences, whereas violence and adversity often contribute to further violence and antisocial behavior, it is proposed that
suffering may actually enhance the motivation to help other disadvantaged members of society, including outgroups. A motivational
process model is presented that includes a typology of altruism born of suffering, integrates clinical and social psychological
perspectives on underlying processes, and proposes potential mediators and moderators. Relevant empirical studies are reviewed
that provide initial support for this model. A particular emphasis is placed on victims of group-based violence, and implications
for intergroup relations and social justice.
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11.
Drug markets and violence are often presented as inextricably linked. Yet, the use of organized violence by trafficking networks
against each other and against the state is not uniform. Insights into the selective use of violence lie in disputes between
crime groups over control of lucrative distribution networks and market share. Insights into the use of violence against the
state lie in the efforts by criminal justice personnel to curtail the drug trade and the political goals pursued by trafficking
organizations. This article discusses these arguments in the context of cocaine markets and the Americas before turning more
extensively to methamphetamine in the USA and especially Japan. The latter one, understudied by scholars, offers a challenging
plausibility probe for arguments addressing the selective nature of organized violence in drug markets.
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12.
Violence against women has been recognized as an important social and human rights issue that affects all cultures and societies.
Although this issue has been more frequently studied in high-income countries, such as the United States, the scholarly research
of violence against women in Africa, especially West Africa, has been scarce. Using a representative sample, this study examined
violence against women in Togo, particularly the types of violence that Togolese women endure, and factors that affect a Togolese
woman’s chance of being victimized by her intimate partner. The findings indicated that Togolese women experienced different
forms of violence. Also, some covariates at the individual level significantly affected a woman’s risk of experiencing intimate
partner violence. Several policy recommendations have been made.
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13.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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14.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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15.
This study examined the impact of acceptability of violence on dating violence victimization, relationship satisfaction, and
relationship commitment. A survey administered to a sample of 155 male and 417 female college students showed that relationship
satisfaction was significantly associated with relationship commitment, but that dating violence victimization was not. Moreover,
acceptability of violence emerged as a significant moderator of the relationship between satisfaction and commitment in dating
relationships when gender differences were assessed. Discussion of these findings and future research are included.
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16.
Scholarship, policy and practice relating to domestic violence have all seen many changes in the recent past. The definition
of domestic violence is often wide ranging describing physical violent within an adult (married) couple to the inclusion of
intergenerational abuse and violence. As a result of feminist interventions a gender-based approach to domestic violence is
now well established. Most research using this model shows that the majority of victims are women and most perpetrators are
men. This impacts upon the policies, initiatives and service provision. One consequence is that it fails to explore the possibility
of women’s different experiences of domestic violence. The point of departure for this paper is that it fails to take account
of domestic violence in lesbian partnerships. Using data generated by way of an annual analysis of counselling cases of generated
by a German lesbian specific social services agency and data from focussed interviews with 20 lesbians who have been violent
to their lesbian partners this article offers a range of new insights into the nature and experiences of domestic violence
in same sex domestic relationships and considers the significance of this data in relation to policing and other modes of
intervention to bring that violence to an end.
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17.
This study proposes an empirical analysis of the relation between the prices of illegal drugs and the use of violence to administrate
the markets of illegal drugs. The study hypothesizes that the prices of illegal drugs affect the level of violent crime, since
changes in profitability of the drugs’ markets affect the offenders’ expected utility of using violence to operate in these
markets. An increase (or decrease) in prices would raise (or reduce) the offenders’ expected utility of making use of violence,
for instance, to solve disputes over drugs, to conquer more market shares, to defend ones own market share, in short to make
use of systemic violence (Goldstein, P.J. Journal of Drug Issues, 39:143–179, 1985). The study will analyze the relation between the dynamics of cocaine and heroin’s prices and systemic violence in the United
States of America and in Europe over two decades. The correlational and inferential analyses do support the hypothesis for
certain offenders’ profiles and certain murders’ circumstances.
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18.
After briefly retracing the origins of the present day unbalanced division of family work, this paper article summarizes results
from three studies conducted with married adults and unmarried young adults from northern Portugal. The data support the idea
that (a) unequal family practices do not change because traditional practices are social norms that orientate individuals’
behavior; (b) individuals do not comply passively to these social norms but consider that the normative practices are fair;
(c) normative family practices are considered to be fair because women, as well as men, seem to gain benefits from traditional
family organization. The social consequences for women of the maintenance of normative family practices are discussed.
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19.
This paper examines the structure and modus operandi of South Asian criminal organisations operating in the UK. It is based
on empirical research conducted between 2005 and 2006 among prisoners sentenced for drug offences, a number of drug distributors
operating in the market, and observers with a knowledge of the drugs business working for the police force or for rehabilitation
services. First, the paper offers an overview of the debate on organised crime, and after a methodological note, the research
findings are utilised to propose a typology. Hypotheses are formulated around the illicit drug enterprises involved in British
markets. Finally, the implications for law enforcement with respect to these enterprises are discussed.
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20.
This article employs a developmental risk and resilience framework to examine the impact of exposure to intimate partner violence
on young children, particularly those facing economic hardship. In doing so, it reviews and weaves together two separate literatures,
one on emotional and behavioral development in high-risk settings and the other on children exposed to adult domestic violence.
The article ends by pointing to the need for further research and the promise that early interventions hold for helping children
who are exposed to intimate partner violence and living in poverty.
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