Implementing multicultural policy: an analysis of the heritage language program, 1971–1981

While O'Bryan and associates carried out a good comprehensive national survey in the 1970s of non-official language use in Canada, such a major study rum needs to be done in the 1980s as well. Such a new update could use more sophisticated methods of analysis, to ensure greater penetration into the quality of language comprehension and use.     

Evidence and equity: Struggles over federal employment equity policy in Canada, 1984–95

Abstract: This article traces debates about federal employment equity policy in Canada in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing specifically on the role of data and statistics in policy‐making. The authors interpret policy‐makers' extensive use of evidence‐based policy instruments in the implementation of employment equity as an attempt to offer a technical solution to the deeply politicized problem of workplace discrimination. By exploring policy debates from the Royal Commission on Equality in Employment (the Abella Commission) (1984) to the passage of the reformed Employment Equity Act in 1995, the authors show how recourse to evidence‐based deliberation failed to contain political conflict, because the meaning and use of statistical data became the object of political struggle among the main policy stakeholders. The article concludes by considering the implications of this case study for the broader comparative debate on the role of evidence‐based methods in policy‐making.     

The Economic Council of Canada: Its establishment,structure, and role in the Canadian policy-making system, 1963–74

Abstract. This is the first of three articles on the Economic Council of Canada. It attempts to cover the establishment, structure, and functioning of the Council between 1963 and 1974 in a consistent and comprehensive manner. It also deals with the approaches and influence of three chairmen of the Council. The ‘primary tasks’ of the agency influence the selection of its senior personnel. Each chairman has influenced the performance of the Council in a manner consistent with his previous research and policy-making experiences. Given the lack of clarity in defining the Council's role at its establishment, this study of career development within the system has been most helpful in deducing the primary roles performed by the Council. The second article deals at greater length with the Council's roles in relation to external research and policy-making agencies. It is a more analytical paper than the first and isolates several potential roles which the Council was expected to perform. It shows how effective performance of these roles has required different interorganizational strategies with respect to the Council's relationship with various influential organizations and governmental agencies including the cabinet and Parliament. The third article deals with the problem of goals-formulation, given the fact that the Council at different points in time has grappled with the problem of articulating or quantifying ‘performance goals,’‘achievement goals,’ and ‘performance indicators.’ All three articles deal with different aspects of the Council's role in the Canadian policy-making system. They present important perspectives on comparative public-policy-making. Sommaire. Cet article est le premier d'une série de trois sur le Conseil économique du Canada. Il essaie de traiter de façon complète et logique de la création de la structure et du fonctionnement du Conseil entre 1963 et 1974. Il s'occupe également des attitudes et de l'influence des trois présidents du Conseil. Les responsabilités premières de l'agence ont un effet sur le choix des cadres supérieurs. Chaque président a influencé les performances du Conseil dans le sens de ses recherches et de ses choix de politiques antérieures. Le rôle du Conseil ayant été défini peu clairement à sa création, cette étude du développement des carrières au sein du système est très utile pour en dégager les rôes principaux. Le second article traite plus en détail des rôles jouks par le Conseil vis à vis de la recherche extérieure et des organismes qui déterminent les politiques. C'est un exposé plus analytique que le premier qui dégage différents rôles potentiels que l'on attendait du Conseil. Il montre comment leur exécution efficace demandait des stratégies inter-organisationnelles différentes, quant au rapport du Conseil avec des organisations influentes et des organismes gouvernementaux, dont le Cabinet et le Parlement. Le troisième article s'occupe du problème de la formulation des objectifs étant donné que le Conseil, à différentes époques, s'est attaqué au problème de l'élaboration de la quantification des « buts de performance «, des « objectifs à réaliser « et des « indicateurs de performance «. Ces trois articles traitent de différents aspects du rôle du Conseil dans le système canadien de détermination des politiques. Ils presentent des perspectives interessantes sur la prise de decision de politique publique de façon comparative.     

Some problems with peacetime price controls: The case of the Board of Commerce of Canada, 1919–20

Abstract. Given the current interest in various forms of a prices review board, it may be instructive to consider the case of the Board of Commerce of Canada, appointed to serve a similar purpose in 1919. During its fifteen months of operation, the board's efforts to limit price increases were largely ineffective. Factors limiting the board's effectiveness included the less-than-wholehearted support of the federal government for a program of price and profit controls, the sympathies of the board members for the interests of the business community, staff shortages caused by a feud with the Civil Service Commission, and international developments which affected the performance of the Canadian economy. Sommaire. Etant donné que l'on envisage actuellement, sous des formes variées, la création dune commission de contrôle des prix, il pourrait être intéressant de reconsidérer le cas du Conseil du commerce du Canada, nommé en 1919, dans le même but. Au cours de ses quinze mois d'existence, les efforts du Conseil en vue de limiter les augmentations de prix ont généralement échoué. Parmi les facteurs qui ont nui à son efficacité, on peut citer le manque d'enthousiasme du gouvernement fédéral pour un programme de contrôle des prix et des bénéfices, les sympathies de ses membres pour les intérêts du monde des affaires, le manque de personnel dûà une querelle avec la Commission de la fonction publique et les développements internationaux qui eurent une influence sur le comportement de l'économie canadienne.     

Enduring,ephemeral and emerging issues in public administration in Canada: Trends in Canadian Public Administration over fifty years (1958–2007)

Abstract: This issue of Canadian Public Administration marks two landmarks. It is the 50th anniversary issue of the Journal, and it is the last issue to be published by the Institute of Public Administration of Canada. For this issue, we have not produced a “special issue” in the sense of commissioning particular articles. Instead, we have brought together a number of articles that were already in the “pipeline” but that the editors thought made a particular contribution to public administration in Canada. This introductory article, or editor's review, is a retrospective analysis of the content of the Journal. It would appear that while there has been a slight shift towards public policy and a greater concern with provincial and local administration, cpa has maintained an enduring interest in its core areas of administrative theory and political and legal institutions. The content is also compared with findings of the content of other journals and also other analyses of cpa . This review is followed by commentaries by former editors and associate editors on their experiences with the Journal.     

The Treasury Board of Canada and its clients: five years of change and administrative reform 1966–71

Abstract. It is ten years since the Glassco Commission called for a drastic reduction in the numbers and in the scope of the administrative controls exercised on the departments of the federal government by the Treasury Board. But the Glassco slogan ‘Let the managers manage’ is not subtle enough to cope with the delicate question of how to give the maximum managerial freedom to departments while retaining for the Treasury Board enough supervision to satisfy the constitutional principle that the Cabinet is collectively responsible for the policies and administration of each department. The Treasury Board is trying to solve the problem by working out guidelines and audit mechanisms to take the place of rules and regulations in administrative life. While this is going on the Board has had to adjust to the emergence since 1968 of the Committee on Priorities and Planning as the senior cabinet committee on broad expenditure policies. At the same time collective bargaining, new budgeting systems and the bilingualism program have wrought great changes in bureaucratic life. The ‘clients’ of the Board, the operating departments, welcome most of the changes but feel that the delivery of the promised reforms is far too slow. Sommaire. Il y a dix am que la Commission Glassco a recommandé une réduction importante du nombre et de I'envergure des contrôles administratifs exercés sur les départements du gouvemement fédéral par le Conseil du Trésor. Mais la devise Glassco, “La gérance aux gérants”, ne s'est pas révélée assez subtile pour donner la plus grande liberté de gérance aux départements tout en conser-vant pour le Conseil assez de pouvoir de surveillance pour se conformer au principe constitutionnel selon lequel le Cabinet est responsable des politiques et de l'administration de chaque département. Le Conseil du Trésor essaie de régler ce problème en établissant des directives et des façons de vérifier qui prendraient la place des règles et des ordonnances de la vie administrative. Pendant ce temps, le Conseil du Trésor a dû s'habituer, depuis 1968, à une nouvelle réalité:depuis ce temps, en effet, le Comité des Priorités et de la Planification est devenu le principal comité du Cabinet en ce qui a trait aux dépenses importantes. Ceci, alors même que les conventions collectives, de nouvelles façons d'établir le budget et le programme du bilinguisme apportaient des changements importants dans la bureaucratie. Les “clients” du Conseil du Trésor, c'est-à-dire les départements, accueilIent d'un bon oeiI la plupart des changements mais croient que la mise en euvre des réfonnes préuves est beaucoup trop lente.     

Foreign business control: the Canadian experience, 1973–1977

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to review the operations of the controls on foreign direct investment, as established by the Foreign Investment Review Act passed in late 1973, and to assess their immediate and long-term effects on the behaviour of foreign firms. To do so, the authors have drawn on data published by various government institutions, in particular by the Foreign Investment Review Agency. In addition, several interviews were conducted with officials of the latter and executives whose companies had been subject to the review process. Most of the interviews took place during the year 1977. Several conclusions emerge from the study. First of all, the recent drop in inflows of foreign direct investment can hardly be blamed on the legislation of 1973 and the setting-up of the screening Agency. Rather, its causes are to be found in world phenomena and, more particularly, in structural changes taking place in the u.s. economy. In the long run, the behaviour of foreign companies in the presence of controls will vary in relation to firm-specific factors, such as their particular motivation for expanding abroad and their internal organizational structure. Secondly, the Agency must be credited with tangible, though limited, achievements. It must be borne in mind that its effectiveness is closely related to the overall governmental policy toward foreign investors and that, on this account, no precise directions actually exist. Regarding its efficiency, the Agency is clearly in the process of learning how to deal with foreign firms and improvements in its bargainings are likely to take place as time passes. Finally, in spite of some positive aspects, there is a need to reassess the entry control system as it stands presently, in light of a (yet to come) coherent government industrial policy.     

Bureaucratic politics versus institutional norms: Alberta,FIGA, Social Services, 1973–79

Abstract: In conjunction with the image of Alberta's Department of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs (FIGA) as a strong, interventionist central agency, the argument that federal-provincial matching cost-sharing pits provincial line departments against central agencies raises the expectation that Alberta's position regarding reform of cost-sharing for welfare and social services in the 1970s was likely the result of bureaucratic wrangling. However, relations between FIGA as a central agent and Social Services, the respective line department, were highly cooperative. There are two possible explanations which both point to difficulties in employing the bureaucratic politics model. First, Social Services, for reasons specific to the Alberta context (i.e., Alberta's fiscal strength and the strong political leadership under Lougheed), did not perceive matching cost-sharing to be in its interest. This demonstrates the tenuous assumptions about the interests of central agencies and line departments made by Canadian students of intergovernmental relations and the broader problem of how to conceive of departmental interests. Secondly, broadly shared institutional norms acted to constrain self-serving departmental behaviour. In the Alberta context of shared norms governing intergovernmental relations (i.e. a commitment to an “Alberta first” strategy), the assumption of bureaucratic parochialism underlying the bureaucratic politics model was not valid. Sommaire: Alliéà l'image du ministère des Affaires fédérales et intergouvernementales (AFI) en tant qu'organisme central à la fois puissant et interventionniste, l'argument voulant que le partage de coûts des programmes fédéraux-provinciaux oppose les ministères provinciaux concernés aux organismes centraux donne à penser que la position de l'Alberta, en ce qui concerne la réforme du partage des coûts de l'assistance et des services sociaux dans les années 1970, était probablement le résultat de marchandages conflictuels entre fonctionnaires. Cependant, les relations entre l'AFI en tant qu'agent central et le ministère des Services sociaux concernéétaient très harmonieuses. Il y a au moins deux explications possibles qui soulignent la difficultéà croire au modèle de la politique bureaucratique: 1) Le ministère des Services sociaux, pour des raisons particulières au contexte albertain (la puissance financière de l'Alberta et le fort leadership politique sous Lougheed), ne percevait pas le partage de coûts en contrepartie comme éant dans son intérêt. Cela démontre la fragilité des hypothèses concernant les intérêts des organismes centraux et des ministères responsables, postulées par ceux qui étudient les relations intergouvernementales au Canada, ainsi que le problème plus vaste de la définition des intérêts des ministères. 2) Des normes institutionnelles reconnues ont freiné le comportement intéressé des ministères. Dans le contexte albertain de normes généralement acceptées pour les relations intergouvernementales (c'est-à-dire une attitude de stratégic de “ l'Alberta d'abord ”), l'hypothèse des partis-pris bureaucratiques dissimulés derrière le modèle de politiques bureaucratiques n'était tout simplement pas valable.     

Management improvement in the Canadian public service, 1999–2010

This article surveys management improvement initiatives in the federal public service during the 2000s and assesses their progress. It reviews eight key areas: management accountability; expenditure management; financial management; human resource management; grants and contributions management; project management and capital investment; internal audit; and processes to sustain public service values and ethics. Although not all of the initiatives have been equally successful, this article argues that general improvement has been realized. The article also considers factors behind the successes, arguing that improvements typically arise from a combination of political, organizational, cultural and economic factors including public service leadership and support at the political level. Recent budget pressures may affect the sustainability of continuing management improvement, but elements for moving forward are clear.     

French‐English relations in business‐interest associations, 1965–2002

Abstract: Although we have fairly good knowledge of the impact of official bilingual‐ism at the federal level and of official unilingualism in Quebec on language practice in government, we know less about whether these changes in language policies have led to shifts in language practice in civil‐society organizations. The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism carried out an extensive investigation of language practices in the private sector and in voluntary associations. Using the royal commission's work on associations representing the general interests of business, this article examines language practices of these associations three decades after the royal commission's studies were published. The authors argue that the cordiality found between French and English in general business associations in the late 1960s continues to be the rule in these types of associations today. This cordiality, however, is rooted in a change in linguistic relations. Federal‐level associations tend to have accommodated institutional bilingualism but retain English as their language of work. Quebec‐based associations have moved to conform to official unilingualism. Moreover, the number of non‐francophones in positions of authority in the Quebec groups has diminished, with executive structures now being dominated by francophones. Sommaire: Si nous avons une assez bonne connaissance de I'impact du bilinguisme officiel A I'échelle fedérale et de I'unilinguisme officiel au Québec sur la pratique lan‐gagiére du gouvemement, nous ne savons pas trb bien si ces modifications des poli‐tiques linguistiques ont entraîné des changements dans la pratique IangagèPre des organismes de la société civile. La Commission royale d'enquête sur le bilinguisme ct Ie biculturalisme a entrepris une recherche extensive sur les pratiques langagières dans le secteur privé et les associations bbnévoles. Grdce au travail de la Commission royale sur les associations representant les intérêts généraux des entreprises, cette ètude examine les pratiques langagières de ces associations, trois décennies après la publication des études de la Commission royale d'enquête. Les auteurs font remarquer que la cordialité observée entre le français et l'anglais au sein des associations cornmerciales vers la fin des années 1960 continue a être la règle dans ces types d'associations aujourd'hui. Cependant, cette cordialité est enracinée dans une modification des relations linpistiques. Les associations A 1′échelle féd érale ont tendance a satisfaire les exigences du bilinguisme institutionnel, mais conservent I'anglais cornme langue de travail. Les associations établies au Québec ont pris des rnesures pour se conformer à I'unilinguisme officiel. En outre, les non francophones sont moins nombreux à occuper des positions d'autorité dans les groupes au Québec, les structures de direction étant maintenant dominées par des francophones.     

Wetlands on trial: Ontario Municipal Board decisions affecting wetlands, 1980–1993

Abstract: There has been a continued loss of wetlands in Ontario as pressurcs from conflicting land uses escalate. This paper examines the manner in which the Ontario Municipal Board has treated the issue of wetlands protcction in hearings on land-use disputes in the provinw. Bastul on a review of nine wetlands caws dating from 1980 to 1993, the decision-making process of the Ontario Municipal Board was examined with regard to wetlands prokxtion. Analysis of the cases revealed a number of issues: the lack of relevant information at hearings; the role of policy and legislation in thc decision-making process; the use of negotiation and mediation in the hearing process; and the significance of private property rights versus the public interest in wetlands protection. This paper dismsses these issues in the context of the role of the Ontario Municipal Board in the planning and management of wetlands in Ontario. Sommaire: AG mesure qu'augmentent les pressions résultant des utilisations contra-dictoires des terres, la pcrte de terres humides continue en Ontario. Cct article examine la manière dont la Commission des affaires municipales de l'Ontario a traité cette question au cours des audiences sur les disputes concernant l'utilisation des terres dans la province. En analysant neuf cas relatifs aux teres humides datant de 1980 à 1993, on a examiné le processus décisionnel de la Commission en ce qui concerne leur protection. L'analyse des cas a révélé plusieurs questions telles que le marque d'informations disponibles pendant les audiences, le rôle des plitiques et des lois dans le processus décisionnel, l'emploi de la négcriation et de la médiation dans le processus d'audience et enfin, la prise en compte des droits fonciers privés par rapport à l'intérêt public dans la protection des terres humides. L'articlc examine ces questions dans le contexte du rôle que joue la Commission des affaires municipales de l'Ontario dans la planification et la gestion des terres humides dam cette province.     

Municipal‐Aboriginal advisory committees in four Canadian cities: 1999–2014

How have municipal governments in Canada been engaging Aboriginal peoples and First Nations? This project examined municipal Aboriginal relations offices and/or advisory committees across Canada and focuses on four cases in Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto. This study identified their mandates, size, locations and initiatives these offices and advisory committees have undertaken, which include: awareness training; employment strategies to recruit, hire and retain Aboriginal municipal employees; and improve Aboriginal representation on municipal agencies, boards and commissions.     

One hundred years of Quebec administrative history, 1867–1970

Abstract: Three perspectives are used in this study. First, the role of the state in Quebec has evolved in much the same way as it has in other western states, but there are special features because of the strong desire of governments for provincial autonomy and the position of the Catholic church. Second, while Quebec gradually developed a bureaucratic administration, administrative reform did not follow automatically on the growth of government activity. Third, the position of civil servants in the political system was relatively weak uutil collective bargaining and a new technocratic elite were introduced in the 1960s. Sommaire: Cette étude s'inspire de trois perspectives. D'abord, le rôle de l'État au Québec s'est développé d'une manière comparable à celui des autres États occidentaux, mais avec des caractéristiques propres à cause de l'importance de l'autonomie provinciale et du pouvoir de l'Église. Ensuite, tandis que le Québec assiste à l'implantation progressive d'un systéme bureaucratique, la réforme administrative n'est pas une fonction automatique de la croissance des activités de I'État. Finalement, la position des fonctionnaires au sein du systéme politique est relativement faible jusqu'à Introduction de la négociation collective et d'une élite technocratique au cours des années 1960.     

With whom the tolls dwell: the great Edmonton telephone dispute, 1984–1987

Abstract: The relative weakness of Canadian municipalities in their bargaining positions with central governments may, in certain circumstances, be effectively short-circuited. In this case study of the 1984 attempt by the City of Edmonton to garner a larger portion of long distance tolls for its municipally owned telephone system from the provincial monopoly, it is demonstrated that a well-developed civic campaign rooted in a strategic concept of gamesmanship can outflank constitutionally defined institutional impotence. What risks must be taken and how they can be moderated are considered. The lesson is that, as in any campaign, both tactics and strategy must be clearly defined, understood and adhered to for a winning scenario to result. Sommaire: La faiblesse relative des municipalités canadiennes quand elles négocient avec les gouvernements centraux peut, dans certains cas, être court-circuitée de facon efficace. Dans cette étude, qui porte sur les tentatives qu'a faites en 1984 la Ville d'Edmonton pour détourner vers son propre système de téléphone une part importante des communications inter-urbaines relevant de l'autorité d'un monopole d'Etat montre qu'une campagne municipale bien orchestrée et se fondant sur le concept stratégique de la victoire peut déjouer l'inefficacité institutionnelle érigée en système. On se penche ici sur les risques qu'il faut prendre et sur les moyens de les réduire. Comme pour toute campagne, la leçon qu'on tire est qu'il faut que les tactiques et la stratégie soient clairement définies pour être comprises et qu'il faut s'en tenir à elles si l'on veut sortir vainqueurs. I am delighted to be here this morning to announce to you that we have won our fair share. — Edmonton Mayor Laurence Decore, 2 March 1987     

On the audit trail of the Auditor General: Parliament's servant, 1973–1980

Abstract. Since 1973, important changes have been brought about in the powers of the Office of the Auditor General. The balance of our system of parliamentary government is undermined by these changes. This paper argues that the Auditor General's value-for-money campaign has taken the oag over the line between audit and trespass on government policy. The Office's new powers have their legal basis in the new Auditor General Act of 1977, which says that the oag can review value-for-money studies of programs. Another term for these studies is ‘effectiveness evaluations. The powers acquired in the act made the creation of the new central agency, the Office of the Comptroller General, inevitable. Among this agency's responsibilities is the duty to ensure that each of government's programs is reviewed for value-for-money, to satisfy the requirements of the Auditor General. The two agencies thus exist in a situation of mutual obligation and legitimation. The paper further argues that value-for-money audit is not an objective review technique, but involves a great deal of judgment in each of its stages of application. It is not fitting, therefore, that reports generated under its procedures should be reviewed externally, by an officer without any electoral base. This implies that government requires some form of legitimation to govern quite outside normal conceptions of parliamentary government. Next, it is argued that the techniques of classic program evaluation are themselves biased toward demonstrations of program failure. As the post of Auditor General of Canada fell vacant in September, 1980, and a new Auditor General will be appointed, the government should take the opportunity to review the responsibilities and privileges of the Office. Sommaire. Depuis 1973, les pouvoirs du poste de vérificateur général ont subi ?importants changements. ?équilibre de notre système de gouvemement parlementaire est affaibli par ces changements. ?auteur de cette étude pense que la eampagne ← en avoir pour son argent → du vérificateur général lui a fait franchir la limite entre vérification et ingéience dans la politique gouverne-mentale. Les nouveaux pouvoirs du poste ont leur fondement légal dans la nouvelle loi du vérificateur général de 1977 qui ?autorise à examiner les programmes du point de vue coûts/résultats. Ces études portent aussi un autre nom, celui ?évaluation de ?efficacité. Ces pouvoirs, entérinés par la loi, rendirent inévitable la création ?un nouvel organisme central, le bureau du contrôleur général. Parmi les responsabilités de cet organisme se trouve celle de s'assurer que tous les programmes gouvernementaux sont étudés du point de vue coûts/résultats pour satisfaire aux exigences du vérificateur général. Ces deux offices existent done dans une situation ?obligation et de légitimation mutuelles. ?auteur soutient de plus que la vérification coûts/résultats n'est pas une technique ?examen objective mais qu'elle fait beaucoup appel au juge-ment dans ses differénts stades ?application. II n'est done pas acceptable que des rapports etablis à partir de cette technique soient examinés extérieurement par un haut fonctionnaire sans mandat électoral. Ceci sous-entend que le gouvemement a besoin ?une certaine légitimation pour gouverneur et ce, en dehors des conceptions normales du gouvemement parlementaire. II soutient ensuite que les techniques de revaluation classique des programmes ont elles-même tendance à prouver ?échec des programmes. Comme le poste de vérificateur général du Canada est devenu vacant en septembre 1980 et qu'un nouveau vérificateur général doit être nommé, le gouvemement devrait saisir cette occasion pour reconsidérer les responsabilites et les privilèges de ce poste.     

“In the shadows of hierarchy”: Intergovernmental governance in Canada and the European Union

The articles in this issue suggest that intergovernmental governance takes a different form in Canada and the EU, raising questions about the transference of practices and institutions from one to the other. In both systems, non‐hierarchical modes of governance provide coordination in social policy. Hierarchy also plays a role, though not in a manner that one might expect. In the EU, hierarchy is tempered by members' direct participation in policy formulation. In Canada, hierarchy is important, but within rather than between governments, resulting in executive dominance of the intergovernmental process at the expense of devolving power to civil society and sub‐provincial governments.