Examining Police Effectiveness as a Precursor to Legitimacy and Cooperation with Police

Numerous studies by Tyler and colleagues, as well as other scholars, support a normative, process model to account for variation in the public’s cooperation with police in the USA and other developed nations. However, a recent study in Ghana suggests that in developing countries fraught with high levels of violent crime and corruption, cooperation may instead be accounted for by a utilitarian, rational-choice model. Our study examines whether public cooperation with police in the developing nation of Trinidad and Tobago is associated with the process model or rational-choice model. Using in-person structured interviews with residents, we examined whether victims’ decisions to report to police were related to individuals’ perceptions about police effectiveness or police legitimacy. We found support for the process model. We discuss possible explanations for the divergence with Tankebe’s research in Ghana and suggest avenues for future research.     

Police stress as a professional self-image

This article examines what appears to be an original and recent strategy of police professionalization in the United States—an emphasis on police stress as a means of gaining professional legitimacy and prestige as well as a means of bringing coherence to a number of conceptions surrounding the tasks of, and role expectations for, the police. A focus on police stress provides a vehicle for organizing the disparate crime control and peacekeeping elements of law enforcement into a single whole. Because the notions of stress, danger, and service are concepts with which the public are readily able to sympathize and because the public recognizes the stress-related aspects of traditional professions such as medicine, law, and the ministry, especially the responsibility of those in these professions for the lives and welfare of others, the idea of police stress would seem to enhance the public's acceptance of the police claim to professional status. Unfortunately, the social and political conditions underlying police work inhibit such acceptance.     

Police perceptions of interpersonal communication training needs

Judgment analysis (JAN) is used to assess rating preferences pertaining to the interpersonal-communication training needs of peace officers in the western United States. Two hundred fifty-one subjects in a western state were categorized according to three judgment variables (agency type, size of the population served, and years of experience). Sixteen specific training-need areas for police interpersonal communication, and an overall criterion item, were rated using a five-point Likert scale. Two dimensions of preference were found to exist when officers were grouped according to agency type and experience; however, results indicated that unique components existed for each of the four population-size groups. The quality of experience appeared to be more important than the quantity of experience in determining preferences of perceived needs.     

Police training strategies and the role perceptions of police recruits

There has been much debate regarding basic police training and its effect on the attitudes of police recruits. Some critics argue that academy training creates negative attitudes in police recruits that favor arrest and crime attack orientations. The data presented in this article suggest that police recruits from a large urban police training program possess attitudes unfavorable toward crime attack or strict enforcement policing roles. The article examines a Los Angeles Police Department recruit training class, and the perceptions these recruits have toward selected policing roles. The study suggests police recruits do not perceive their role as simply being one of crime attack and strict enforcement.     

Women Police Stations as a Dispute Processing System

Abstract

In 1992, the Tamil Nadu State government in India began to introduce all-women police stations whose primary role is to deal with crimes against women, including family violence and dowry disputes. Dowry giving is a customary practice in India, which often results in disputes between young wives and their new families. As a result, the young women may be subjected to physical and mental ill treatment, sometimes resulting in death. Using detailed data from 474 case records and interviews with 60 dowry victims, the present study examines how women police stations serve as a dispute processing system, and describes the services extended by the stations to the victims of dowry disputes. Many cases were successfully resolved and violence was frequently reduced. The study holds implications for the extension of training in dispute resolution for women police in India.     

Police officer perceptions of promotion as a source of motivation

This article is an examination of the role of promotion in police motivation. Promotion represents only one source of motivation within the police department, but it is considered to be a significant source. Officers from two Connecticut Police Departments were used in this study, and Q-Methodology was used. The study investigated the need structure (which needs were important) of police officers, and the extent to which promotion satisfied need. The results indicated that officers felt higher order needs were more important than lower order needs. Moreover, officers were divided over the instrumentality of promotion fulfilling their needs, and there were demographic characteristics which appeared to contribute to these differences.     

中美警务技能战术教学训练之比较

加强中美警察在警务技能战术教学训练的研究,对中美警察警务技能与战术的课程设置、教学内容及训练方法、教官队伍建设等多方面加以比较,提出学习美国警察在警务技能战术教学训练方面先进的经验和做法,以促进我国警察在技能战术教学训练方面的发展     

Police vehicles as symbols of legitimacy

Journal of Experimental Criminology - To experimentally evaluate the effects of police vehicle types and esthetics on participants’ perceptions of police officers. Using participant data...     

Suicide by Cop: Police shooting as a method of self-harming

Suicide by Cop (SbC) incidents, police-related deaths that could be considered suicides due to the subject's precipitated actions that demonstrate suicidal motivations through words or behavior are difficult to classify. The subjects’ intent is not understood, and risk factors for SbC incidents include the complication of others’ interactions. The current study advances a set of indicators that help classify police shootings that could be considered SbC.Using a modification of the decision tree developed by Best, Quigley, & Bailey (2004) to assess suicidal intentions of police shootings through observable acts, the current study compares cases classified as self-inflicted suicide or suicide attempts with those classified as SbC cases in the Hostage Barricade Data System (HOBAS).Overall the model increased the percentage of cases correctly predicted to 97.9 percent, 16.9 percent beyond chance. The primary indicators are significant. Other historical or situational variables did not improve the odds of predicting the SbC versus self-inflicted suicides.     

世俗的偏见与科学的殿堂——因妇科见习引发的隐私侵权官司说明了什么?

案情介绍2 0 0 0年 9月 15日下午 4时许 ,2 2岁的女青年王某 ,来到石河子大学医学院第一附属医院妇产科门诊 ,向医生陈述已怀孕 ,要求做人工流产。进修医生刘某简单询问病情后 ,发现王某未带病历 ,就叫她买病历。王某转身叫来同来的男友去买。接下来由妇科主治医师孙某问诊 ,并说要检查一下。王某说 :不要检查就是怀孕。孙医师告诉她 :手术前必须诊断清楚子宫的位置、大小 ,有无合并症 ,才能确定是否可以做人工流产手术。王某进了检查室后 ,按检查要求脱去了一条腿的裤子及内裤 ,取膀胱截石位 ,仰卧于检查床上。随后孙医师让 15名石河子大学…     

世俗的偏见与科学的殿堂－－因妇科见习引发的隐私侵权官司说明了什么？

案情介绍2000年9月15日下午4时许,22岁的女青年王某,来到石河子大学医学院第一附属医院妇产科门诊,向医生陈述已怀孕,要求做人工流产.进修医生刘某简单询问病情后,发现王某未带病历,就叫她买病历.王某转身叫来同来的男友去买.接下来由妇科主治医师孙某问诊,并说要检查一下.王某说:不要检查就是怀孕.孙医师告诉她:手术前必须诊断清楚子宫的位置、大小,有无合并症,才能确定是否可以做人工流产手术.     

Cues to Deception and Ability to Detect Lies as a Function of Police Interview Styles

In Experiment 1, we examined whether three interview styles used by the police, accusatory, information-gathering and behaviour analysis, reveal verbal cues to deceit, measured with the Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) and Reality Monitoring (RM) methods. A total of 120 mock suspects told the truth or lied about a staged event and were interviewed by a police officer employing one of these three interview styles. The results showed that accusatory interviews, which typically result in suspects making short denials, contained the fewest verbal cues to deceit. Moreover, RM distinguished between truth tellers and liars better than CBCA. Finally, manual RM coding resulted in more verbal cues to deception than automatic coding of the RM criteria utilising the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software programme.In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of the three police interview styles on the ability to detect deception. Sixty-eight police officers watched some of the videotaped interviews of Experiment 1 and made veracity and confidence judgements. Accuracy scores did not differ between the three interview styles; however, watching accusatory interviews resulted in more false accusations (accusing truth tellers of lying) than watching information-gathering interviews. Furthermore, only in accusatory interviews, judgements of mendacity were associated with higher confidence. We discuss the possible danger of conducting accusatory interviews.     

论警察出庭作证的保障与实现

警察出庭作证对于刑事诉讼的实体真实和程序正义意义重大,但由于侦查中心主义诉讼模式的构造性障碍、程序性规则粗疏的规则性障碍以及观念淡漠、技能缺失的技能性障碍,警察出庭作证难以真正实现。为此,应当转变侦查中心主义诉讼模式为裁判中心主义诉讼模式、完善警察出庭作证的具体规则、培养警察出庭作证的意识和培训警察出庭作证的技能。     

Police education and training: Where are we? Where are we going?

A sample of four hundred police departments was surveyed to determine attitudes toward and implementation of six recommendations of the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The recommendations were for campus recruiting, recruit training, in-service training, increased salaries, and higher educational requirements for both police officers and their supervisors. Only one of the recommendations, in-service training, was both regarded positively and implemented. Campus recruitment, recruit training, and increased salaries all evoked positive attitudes but little evidence of implementation was found. The recommendation that general law enforcement officers and their supervisors be required to have at least a bachelor's degree was regarded negatively and generally has not been implemented.     

Police officer support for quasimilitary stress training and orientation toward outsiders and nonlaw enforcement functions

This paper is about the meaning of police officers' support for the traditional socialization model of the quasi-military stress academy and its effects on their attitudes toward outsiders and non-law enforcement functions. More specifically, it examines consequences of quasi-military training on attitudes toward civilians in police departments, on serving minority groups and the community, and on criticality ratings of job functions such as mediation, crime prevention and community policing. Based on part of a larger job task survey conducted under the auspices of a state criminal justice training council, it includes over 70 percent of all patrol officers and their first-line supervisors in a rural New England state.     

法律先见与海商法解释

通过对海商法解释中原意论解释方法缺点的剖析,论述了法律先见对法律解释的创新作用,提出了在海商法解释时应该将法律先见和法律文本进行视域融合,并分析了如何将该理论和法律实践结合。