黑社会（性质）组织犯罪的亚文化分析

黑社会（性质）组织本身就是一个亚文化群，其犯罪行为背后具有相应的亚文化特征。旧中国黑社会犯罪的亚文化特征以传统礼教为基础，通过各种形式的载体表现出来，起到聚集组织力量的作用。当前我国的黑社会性质组织犯罪除了具备旧中国黑社会犯罪的一些亚文化特征之外，也呈现出一些新的特点：追求经济利益、积极寻求“保护伞”并逐步向政治领域渗透。为有效防治黑社会性质组织犯罪在我国的蔓延，有必要营造良好的文化氛围，以消除黑社会性质组织犯罪产生的社会文化根源。     

浅谈黑社会性质组织犯罪

本文从黑社会性质组织犯罪的概念和特征入手,继而分析了黑社会性质犯罪组织在社会、经济、政治上的形成原因,最后对如何防范此类犯罪提出了若干对策。     

黑社会性质组织犯罪应增设财产刑

根据刑法第二百九十四条规定，对组织、领导、参加黑社会性质组织犯罪的，除可以判处主刑和附加剥夺政治权利外，并没有对此类犯罪作出判处罚金或没收财产的规定。笔者认为，对黑社会性质组织犯罪应增设财产刑，理由是：一、从黑社会性质组织的特征看，有其理论依据。最高人民法院关于审理黑社会性质组织犯罪具体应用法律若干问题的解释明确规定，黑社会性质组织犯罪的特征之一，即“通过违法犯罪活动或其他手段获取经济利益，具有一定的经济实力”。从这一规定看，黑社会性质组织犯罪行为具有鲜明的经济目的，经济色彩强烈。为了获取非法经…     

简论黑社会性质犯罪

黑社会犯罪是有组织犯罪发展的高级阶段，黑社会性质犯罪就是黑社会犯罪，它不过是黑社会犯罪的初级形态和初级发展阶段。我国刑法中明确了“黑社会性质犯罪”这个概念，是根据我国现阶段黑社会犯罪的特点确定的。目前我国存在的黑社会性质犯罪组织主要通过七种基本方式形成。如今黑社会性质犯罪呈现出几大发展趋势正向黑社会的高级形态发展；加速向经济、政治领域渗透以及国际化趋势。     

广东 黑社会性质组织犯罪

广东地处东南沿海,毗邻港澳,得改革开放之机,各行各业兴旺发达,广东黑社会性质组织也在市场经济发展中悄然滋生,发展壮大,称霸一方,为非作歹,严重破坏了当地正常的经济秩序和社会生活秩序,逐渐成为广东社会治安的突出问题。本文就广东黑社会性质组织犯罪的特点、原因及发展趋势进行探讨,并从中找出遏制此类犯罪的对策。当前黑社会性质组织犯罪的特点 1.以地缘、血缘、业缘为纽带,形成土生土长型的黑社会性质组织,称霸一方,残害百姓当前,广东省不少城市、农村都存在土生土长型的黑社会性质组织,这类组织我们称为“土黑”。他们具有以下特点:一是以地域性为主纠合而成的黑社会性质组织,一般活跃于本地和周边地区,或是以帮会形式在异地发展。如潮州市由本地人组成的郑煌黑社会性质组织,以“恒安发展有限公司”为掩护,在潮州、广州、佛山等地进行绑架勒索、抢劫、杀人、开设堵场等违法犯罪活动,社会危     

论黑社会性质组织犯罪判刑罪犯的心理矫治

有组织犯罪是当前学界探讨的热点问题之一，刑法学、犯罪学、刑事诉讼法学等学科对此问题给予了极大的关注。使之成为了一个新的学术增长点。本文对黑社会性质组织犯罪的含义、特征和类型，黑社会性质组织犯罪的成因进行了分析，并在此基础上提出了对黑社会性质组织犯罪的心理矫治对策。分析了黑社会性质组织犯罪产生的社会、经济、历史和文化原因，认为社会控制弱化和腐败，社会贫富悬殊、两极分化，以及历史和文化的影响是黑社会性质组织犯罪产生的主要原因。对黑社会性质组织犯罪的打击必须坚持“打防结合、预防为主”的方针，在严打的高压下，要通过进一步加强心理矫治工作，对那些初陷泥潭、涉恶未深的黑社会性质组织犯罪分子进行帮教，引导他们重回社会，是预防犯罪的有效手段。     

黑社会性质的组织犯罪的预防和控制

黑社会犯罪是国际上最为严重的犯罪,是有组织犯罪最典型的一种形式。在我国,明显的、典型的黑社会还没有出现,但带有黑社会性质的犯罪组织已经出现。这种黑社会性质的犯罪组织的产生与存在,对我国的经济和社会生活秩序构成极大威胁。     

浅议黑社会性质组织犯罪

本文从黑社会性质组织犯罪的性质认定入手,继而分析了黑社会犯罪组织在政治、经济和文化上的形成原因,最后对如何应对和预防此类犯罪进行了讨论。     

黑社会性质犯罪组织的经济特征分析

黑社会性质犯罪组织是一种特殊的经济组织。经济因素既是黑社会性质犯罪组织赖以生存的物质基础,也是其组织形成、存在和发展的逻辑起点。宏观上看,经济体制的缺陷是黑社会性质犯罪组织形成的直接原因。微观上看,追求最大经济利益是黑社会性质犯罪组织的内部动力。在黑社会性质犯罪组织形成的两个阶段中,使用超经济手段获取经济利益是原始积累期的主要形式,政治上的投资与经济上的洗钱则是其"漂白期"组织转型的必要手段。     

浅议黑社会性质组织犯罪的打击和预防

50年代到80年代初,我国大陆根本就没有黑社会犯罪,更不会有"黑社会"的存在。但是当时的立法者也没有预料到,在以后短短的二十年中,中国黑社会性质刑事犯罪的形势会发展得如此迅猛。改革开放的春风带来了社会的深刻变革,使得人们物质生活不断繁荣昌盛,同时境外黑社会组织渗透,境内诱发犯罪的因素大量增加,有组织犯罪急剧增多,一些犯罪组织向黑社会性质发展,演变。在社会转型期的背景下,打击黑社会性质组织犯罪,任务艰巨。     

黑社会性质组织犯罪及司法认定的若干问题

成立黑社会性质组织 ,应当同时具备组织结构特征、经济实力特征、暴力行为特征、非法控制特征等四个特征。科学地界定黑社会性质组织的内涵 ,明确黑社会性质组织与其他相关犯罪组织 (如 ,黑社会组织、犯罪集团、恶势力、恐怖活动组织等 )之间的界限 ,按照犯罪构成的要求 ,在司法实践中 ,才能准确认定黑社会性质组织犯罪 ,对此罪与彼罪以及定罪与处罚等问题作出正确地裁量     

对黑社会性质组织犯罪的新认识

黑社会性质组织犯罪的本质特征是具有稳定的组织结构与组织性的表现形式内在化;具有固定的犯罪活动据点,并具 有向合法经济渗透迹象或具体行为;以暴力手段为一切犯罪行为的基本保障;编织关系网,获取信息,寻求保护,注重反侦查。     

岳宁涉黑案的特点、成因及类似犯罪的防控对策研究

岳宁涉黑案既具有我国黑社会性质组织犯罪的一般性特点,也有其个别性特点。一般性特点使本案成立黑社会性质组织犯罪,个别性特点使该案的犯罪组织具有人员构成多样性、组织控制的特殊性以及组织形态的中级性。本案的成因主要源于社会转型的影响、个别腐败官员的庇护和纵容、社会亚文化的侵蚀,以及社会失范及个体成员社会化等问题所导致的组织成员形成的不良人格缺陷等因素。为防控类似违法犯罪的滋生和成长,应针对这些因素采取相应对策。     

Assessing and Explaining the Resurgence of China's Criminal Underworld

Based upon collected crime statistics, this paper provides a sketch of China's criminal underworld during the past two decades and a quantitative assessment of its current state. Through examining the organised criminal groups, it also assesses the hardcore of China's criminal underworld — the mafia-style criminal syndicates and their greater base — the underworld society. It argues that a challenge from the criminal underworld has increasingly posed a serious threat to Chinese society. It also provides explanations for the recent resurgence of the criminal underworld in China through a perspective of political science — placing emphasis on the state-failure factors.     

Insider Gang Knowledge: The Case for Non-Police Gang Experts in the Courtroom

Drawing on data from surveys and interviews administered to non-police gang experts, the authors argue that police gang detectives are often erroneous in their definition of gang membership and gang-related crime. Police gang experts often mistake signs of urban youth culture for gang membership and criminal conspiracy. Evidence is presented on the ways in which knowledge about gangs is often determined by the social position of the gang expert. Former gang members and community workers may demonstrate a more nuanced and accurate knowledge of gangs than gang detectives. We see the admission of non-police gang expert testimony to the courtroom as a viable way of countering social perceptions that view aspects of gang membership and racial membership interchangeably and possibly help counter disproportionate prison sentences bestowed upon black and Latino youth.     

Gang change and evolutionary theory

While most street gangs are temporary and disorganized, some have institutionalized, and a number of these show signs of evolving into more serious criminal enterprises, becoming more networked, technologically savvy and internationalized, less visible, more predatory and sometimes more violent. The boundaries that researchers have drawn between gangs and other types of criminal groups, particularly organized crime, are becoming blurred. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to planning effective responses. This article suggests that evolutionary theory, involving processes of variation, selection and replication, would constitute a valuable tool for this purpose. Using an evolutionary framework would enable the application of a longitudinal perspective to the microsocial level of analysis, the gang itself, which until now has not had as much attention as other levels of analysis in gang research. Taking inspiration from evolutionary theories in organizational sociology and economics, this article explores how evolutionary theory might be used to understand gang change and locate gangs within evolutionary sequences. It argues that adopting an evolutionary perspective will improve the capacity of law enforcement agencies to focus scarce resources where they are most needed and to plan and implement successful interventions.     

Gang joining in Denmark: prevalence and correlates of street gang membership

This paper examines gang joining among juveniles in socially disadvantaged residential neighbourhoods with gang presence. The analysis is based on a school-based survey among students (n = 1,886) in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The theoretical framework is inspired by the Eurogang Program of Research—that is, their definition of street gangs was utilized in the study. The results indicate that 13% of the youths aged 13–17 are members of street gangs. The street gang members are more likely to be characterized by poor parental monitoring, weak pro-social values, and high-risk lifestyles compared with other crime involvement groups, including serious offenders; and they commit a disproportionately large number of offences. The results also indicate that proximity to criminal gangs on a higher organizational level than street gangs increases willingness to join such criminal gangs, especially for street gang members, as they are more likely to be in contact with older and more powerful gang members already—for example, they have helped them by being a look-out or passing messages.     

Comparing the Effects of Treatment on Female Juvenile Gang and Non-Gang Members

Abstract

Most research indicates that males comprise the greatest proportion of gang members. Since the 1990s, however, there has been an increasing interest in female gangs and gang members. The current study builds on this research interest by examining differences between female gang members and non-gang members who participated in a juvenile probation program designed to identify and intervene with youth considered to be high risk for subsequent criminal and delinquent activity. The results of a logistic regression analysis revealed that two factors significantly influenced a female offender's likelihood of being rearrested: she did not complete the program, and she did not live with her natural parent(s). We conclude that the significant results do support findings from previous research in this area; we also discuss possible explanations as to why other factors were not significantly related to rearrests.     

Gang Activity and Overall Levels of Crime: A New Mapping Tool for Defining Areas of Gang Activity Using Police Records

In this note, a new method for defining gang activity areas based uponpolice records is illustrated using the Chicago Police Department's1996 incident files. This method is based upon standard geographictechniques and uses a uniform grid that divides the city into 150-msquares. It is shown that this technique may be useful both in describinggang activity areas and in describing the spatial distribution of crime inlarge cities. A strong relationship is found between the number of gangsthat are active in an area and the general level of criminal activity.     

Gang membership and criminal processing: A test of the “master status” concept

Using data on 370 criminal defendants processed in an urban court, we examine whether gang membership constitutes a master status that influences both charging and sentencing decisions. We first review various formal efforts to confront the “gang problem” in this jurisdiction, and provide a theoretical foundation for treating gang membership as a master status. After deriving hypotheses from this master status characterization of gang membership, we estimate statistical models for gang and nongang members to determine whether different factors are used in processing and adjudicating each. The results provide some support for the characterization of gang membership as a master status. We discuss alternative explanations for the findings and their implications for public policy on gang prosecution and criminal processing.