罪刑法定原则论纲

罪刑法定原则是刑法的根本原则,它存在的形式前提是宪法中规定的法治原则,而实质前提则是民主主义与自由主义。作为刑法原则,罪刑法定原则在形式上表现为四个派生原则,在实质上就是人权保障原则。由于两大法系对法治主义理解的不同,所以罪刑法定原则在大陆法系表现为面向实体的原则,而在英美法系则表现为面向程序的原则(实体的正当程序原则)。罪刑法定原则的实现,首先是作为立法原则,其次是作为司法原则,其不是实现在刑法运行的某一阶段,而是实现在刑法运行的全过程中。     

论罪刑法定原则的安定性

罪刑法定原则的安定性应被作为罪刑法定原则的一个极其重要的问题予以对待。罪刑法定原则的安定性堪称罪刑法定原则的"魂魄"。罪之法定与刑之法定是罪刑法定原则的安定性的两个表征,而形式安定性与实质安定性则构成了罪刑法定原则的安定性的两个层面。随着社会的发展,罪刑法定原则的安定性除了面临着刑法适应性与司法能动性的挑战,更面临着"安全刑法"乃至"仇敌刑法"的挑战。罪刑法定原则的安定性可以从刑法立法和刑法解释中寻求保障。通过人权保障,罪刑法定原则的安定性的最终意义在于刑事法治乃至整个法治。     

空白刑法规范的罪刑法定机能——以现代法治国家为背景的分析

现代法治国家兼具自由法治国与社会法治国、形式法治国与实质法治国的双重性格,这导致现代行政法的使命由单一阻止行政权的扩大化到兼而具有改善国民经济生活以完成福利国家的任务。受此影响,许多国家突破了以往在刑法体系中只规定自然犯的传统框架,越来越多地在刑法中通过空白刑法规范的方式规定行政犯。用法治国的罪刑法定主义衡量,空白刑法规范既符合罪刑法定主义的民主法治原则和法律专属性原则,同时也是罪刑法定主义之明确性原则的体现和运用,是与现代法治国思想及罪刑法定原则相一致的一种刑法立法模式。     

中国刑法理念的前沿审视

刑事法治建设中的刑法理念超越刑事立法、刑法解释技术和刑法规范文本占据着更高的位置,具有根本性的引领作用。刑法理念引领、统摄刑事立法、刑法解释和刑事司法,但其作用场域不应包括刑事政策领域,其根本和关键在于坚持形式与实质统一的罪刑法定原则基础上的罪刑法定理念。罪刑法定既是一个原则,更是一种理念,刑法规定罪刑法定原则并不等于罪刑法定理念的树立和恪守。罪刑法定的核心归结为一点即是通过强调限制国家刑罚权即立法者的制刑权和司法者的求刑权、量刑权以实现对被告人人权的保障,审视"两点论"与"一点论"的争议,"一点论"更可取。单单坚持罪刑法定原则并不能消解由此带来的不可避免的"文字困境",需要以人为本、保障人权的人道主义理念的补足和调济,即在刑事立法上需要由重刑主义、功利主义、万能主义刑法立场向表征人道主义、以人为本核心理念的非犯罪化、非刑罚化、宽缓化刑法立场转变,在司法上需要恪守和践行国家刑权力的克制、宽容和谨慎,在刑法解释中需要贯注和坚守人道主义。基于宪法与刑法之间母法与子法、上位法与下位法的关系分析,刑法突破自身"视限"寻求正当性的更高指向和衡量标准应当是合宪性。"风险社会"理论无法为"风险刑法"提供理论支撑,二者没有直接的逻辑联结。"敌人刑法"在本质上与"风险刑法"有契合之处和内在共通性,二者都强调刑法介入早期化、法益保护前置化,实际上都是对刑法威慑恐吓效应特别是积极的一般预防机能的重视和强调,凸显注重以行为人为基础的社会防卫理念的抬头,实质上都对以行为为基础、坚守罪刑法定原则的人权保障理念提出了挑战,蕴藏着不可控制的隐性法治风险和人权保障风险。基于刑法的保障法地位、后置法角色,结合中国法治建设的历史,"风险刑法"和"敌人刑法"理念应当慎行。     

罪刑法定原则的价值探析——尤其以法治的角度观察

在后现代的语境里，罪刑法定原则受到挑战，被怀疑和解构。笔者坚持认为中国仍处于“前法治国”阶段，仍然需要进行刑法启蒙，罪刑法定原则不但不可抛弃，而且要更坚定的坚持。本文就法治的内涵及其在刑事领域的要求，并结合刑事法治的品格，对罪刑法定原则的价值进行了新的发掘，力图为当代中国坚持罪刑法定原则寻找新的注脚。     

近代刑法精神在罪刑法定中的实现

近代刑法的精神体现在诸多方面,而由于罪刑法定是法治原则在刑法中的集中体现,罪刑法定的立法规定标志着一个国家对刑事法治的认同,因此本文着重从罪刑法定的角度来阐述刑法精神的实现。     

罪刑法定原则刍议

随着我国改革开放的进一步深化和市场经济的不断发展,个人的主体意识和权利意识也随之进一步增强,人民需要罪刑法定、法治社会呼唤罪刑法定。罪刑法定原则是资产阶级反对封建刑法罪刑擅断主义的产物,已为大多数国家宪法或刑法确认,成为现代刑法最基本的原则。本文就罪刑法定原则的概念、基本要求及其意义展开讨论,并指出了我国立法、司法实践中对罪刑法定原则的运用上存在的诸多问题及对策。     

罪刑法定与刑法解释的冲突

公正是刑法精神的核心.作为一种观念,罪刑法定在价值选择上偏向于刑法的安全性,重视形式公正;作为一种司法实践活动,刑法解释的最高价值目标是如何冲破罪刑法定的束缚以实现实体公正.罪刑法定与刑法解释于是出现了两种冲突:在现实中,刑法的稳定性与社会无穷发展的矛盾,使刑法解释在某些方面不可避免地要背离罪刑法定;但依法治原则,如何以牺牲最小的实体公正来换取形式公正应成为法治国家刑事司法的最高理念.     

刑法典有待完善

1997年刑法秉承现代法治国家的法治理念和人权观念,在总则中明文规定了严格的罪刑法定原则,刑法体系进一步完善,标志着我国刑法进入现代化的历史阶段,具有里程碑的意义。但是,实     

刑事裁判中类推思维的作用及其运用——一种基于方法论意义的思考

我国刑法在确立罪刑法定原则的同时废除了类推制度,填补刑法漏洞意义上的类推适用被严格禁止。然而,作为一种司法判断的方法,类推思维依然在刑事裁判中发挥着重要作用,它是法官解明刑法规范含义、进行犯罪构成要件符合性判断、践行"相同案件相同处理"法治理念的有效方法。当然,在罪刑法定原则之下,刑事裁判中的类推思维应当受制于刑法规范目的和可能文义范围,确保类推结论没有超越刑法规定而违背罪刑法定。     

Toolmark Identification of a Mattock to a Clod of Soil from a Grave

Abstract: At a recent bushland gravesite that contained a deceased male, a clod of soil displaying a striated toolmark was collected during the excavation of the grave. This clod was preserved, and the mark was cast using Mikrosil?. Shovels and a mattock, which had been discarded by the suspects, were subsequently found at another location. A toolmark comparison identified the hoe end of the mattock head as having produced the striated toolmark.     

Finding of a bullet in the cervical column of a body hit by a train

This case is about the finding of a body of an unidentified male of approximately 70 years of age who was hit by a train. During the carrying out of the corresponding autopsy and after the radiological tests for posterior odontological identification, a foreign body of a cylindrical-cone shape, identical to that of a bullet, was found lodged between the first and second cervical vertebrae. During dissection of the neck, a bullet was found. When the ballistic test was carried out, it was ascertained that the bullet was from a cartridge of 7.92 by 57-mm Mauser caliber, manufactured in Spain in 1936. This ammunition corresponds to that used during the Civil War in Spain (1936-1939). After the identification of the body, it was proved that the bullet was the result of a war wound. However, the victim had been unaware of the existence of the bullet, which had remained in his body for 50 years.     

Estimation of the quantity of a drug in a consignment from measurements on a sample

A consignment of individual packages is thought to contain illegal material, such as drugs, in some or all of the packages. A sample from the consignment is inspected and the quantity of drugs in each package of the sample is measured. It is desired to estimate the total quantity of drugs in the consignment. Sampling variation is present in the original measurements and it is not sufficient just to adjust the sample mean pro rata. An analysis is described which takes account of the uncertainty concerning the proportion of the packages that contain drugs and provides a probabilistic summary of the quantity of drugs in the consignment. In particular, a probabilistic lower bound for the quantity of drugs in the consignment is given, which is dependent on the required standard of proof. This is in contrast to the approach based on confidence intervals which assumes that in the long run, the interval will contain the correct quantity the appropriate proportion of the time, but gives no measure of uncertainty associated with the particular consignment under consideration.     

Reconstruction of a suicide by a homemade firearm

A 34 years old man shot himself by a selfmade muzzle-loader. He pluged one end of a waterpipe, used a cylindrical lead shot (Cal. 1.2 cm, length 2.15 cm, mass 22.7 g), special black powder (about 4 g, from fire-crackers; powder with an admixture of aluminium) and kindled the weapon in front of his chest by a slowmatch. He died immediately by retained missile of chest. The weapon flew away like a rocket. Unused projectils and powder (found in the flat) and the uninjured pipe allowed to copy the event. Velocity and energy of shot and weapon were determined, also the recoil of the pipe and the highest force of a hand to hold it fast. Experimental investigations and calculations correspondet well to the findings af the case.     

The influence of a shot distance on a profile of a wound canal in flat bones

Experimental shots were made from rifled weapons, from different distances, at isolated flat bones. There was established a significantly increased angle of the axial section of the cone-shaped defect due to the expanding sizes of the exit part of the wound canal (WC) and of the outlet opening as the shot distances increased. An expert's evaluation is offered to assess a shot distance involving the WC profile and by calculating an angle of the axial section of the cone-shaped defect on the basis of the inlet and outlet sizes and of the flat-bone thickness.     

The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene involving a buried body

This paper examines the place that forensic archaeologists should hold at scenes of crime where a body has been buried. The forensic archaeologist is rapidly becoming a key player whose specialty should be explained, and role defined. A high level of interaction between the forensic archaeologist and other personnel implies good communications skills as well as a precarious mix of receiving orders, assistance and advice as well as giving directions to other staff. The extent to which each of these should be applied will be discussed as well as underlying the absolute need for forensic archaeologist to attend these types of scenes.     

Co-Evolution of a University Department and a Dance Company: Creation of Value of Art in a Community

In Korea, arts and culture in the provinces are at a disadvantage in many aspects. We examine the difficulties of being a provincial dance organization. We analyze the strategies to overcome these difficulties and the resulting process of the co-evolution of a department of dance at a provincial university and its offshoot dance company. In their endeavor for survival, these dance organizations seek to be a part of the community with community dance programs that induce the participation of residents. The resulting values created in the community of the Western District of Daejeon City and the success factors of these organizations are also analyzed. Some implications of the co-evolutionary process to other provincial dance organizations are discussed.