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1.
This article explores issue of gender in relation to the experiences of local elected members. Member experiences are important as this may be one of the factors which lie behind the under-representation of women in political life at all levels. This article is focused on Wales where women make up 26% of local councillors, hold only 20% of cabinet positions and occupy one Leader position. This article reports on the views of male and female councillors from a number of Welsh authorities who, when interviewed, identified very different experiences of elected office. Central to their experiences are their routes into office, personal circumstances and societal influences. The existence of a dominant male political culture is evident and this may have an impact on the participation of women in local political life. 相似文献
2.
This article discusses the effects of the structural reform in Denmark in 2007 – where a large number of municipalities were amalgamated – on local councillors' influence on decisions taken in the local political realm. The analysis uses data from two large surveys, a pre-reform survey (2003) and a post-reform survey (2009). The analysis shows that the amalgamations have led to an increase in the perceived influence of leading councillors vis-à-vis other councillors and a decrease in the perceived influence of the council vis-à-vis its top administrative officers. Furthermore, it is found that there is an increase in the number of councillors who find that local political decisions are determined by laws and rules from central government, but at the same time it is shown that this increase cannot be ascribed to the amalgamations. 相似文献
3.
Studies of pension reform in developing and transition economies tend to take for granted the capacity of states to implement
ambitious and complicated new schemes for the provision of old-age income to pensioners. This article explains the fragmented,
decentralized pattern of pension administration in China as an unintended consequence of pension reform. Policy legacies from
the command-economy period, principal-agent problems in the reform period, and the threat of pension protests left urban governments
largely in control of pension administration. The central government thus succeeded in its policy goals of pension reform
but failed to gain administrative control over pension funds.
Mark W. Frazier is assistant professor of political science and the Luce Assistant Professor of East Asian Political Economy
at Lawrence University. He is the author ofThe Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace: State, Revolution, and Labor Management (Cambridge University Press, 2002). His current research focuses on how central and local governments in China compete over
pension reform.
The author gratefully acknowledges helpful comments from Mary E. Gallagher, William Hurst, Dorothy Solinger, Jaeyoun Won,
and two anonymous reviewers fromStudies in Comparative International Development. Funds for this research were provided by the Luce Foundation, the University of Louisville, and Lawrence University. 相似文献
4.
Michael Thrasher Galina Borisyuk Mary Shears Colin Rallings 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(5):713-734
AbstractThe time investment in council duties and the roles adopted by local councillors in Britain have been studied extensively but rarely has research incorporated information about the type of area represented. This article combines individual-level survey responses from councillors with aggregate-level data that describe characteristics of the wards that elect each councillor. The survey data report each councillor’s social and political characteristics, the average hours per week performing council duties and the range and frequency of activities undertaken. The ward-level data include a measure of relative social deprivation, electoral competitiveness and other features. The analysis shows that councillors representing relatively deprived areas spend more time on council activities than do councillors representing more affluent areas. The activities that councillors pursue, especially whether they are proactive or reactive towards constituents, relate to the ward context. Women and people that are retired from work also invest relatively more time in their work as councillors. These findings establish that assessments of what councillors do and the roles that they might adopt should take account of the types of ward being represented. 相似文献
5.
Following the 1997 general election New Labour took power with a commitment to ‘modernising’ government, including local government. This modernisation was based upon a variety of approaches including the introduction of new decision-making structures, improving local democracy, improving local financial accountability, creating a new ethical framework for councillors and council employees and improving local services. It is with the first two of these and their potential impact upon women councillors that this article is concerned. It analyses past evidence on women's participation in local government in the UK and examines the impact of the new political structures on progression to senior posts in local government. 相似文献
6.
Economic crisis has been a central catalyst to Third Wave democratic transitions by contributing to authoritarian breakdown,
yet crises in oil-exporting states have generally failed to catalyze such breakdowns, which are a crucial precondition to
democratization. This article argues that oil wealth produces two distinct political trajectories, depending on its timing
relative to the onset of late development. The dominant trajectory in the oil-exporting world is durable authoritarianism
which has forestalled all but a few regime collapses. And, when the alternate trajectory produces vulnerable authoritarianism,
oil-catalyzed authoritarian breakdown tends to generate new authoritarian regimes. I use case materials from Iran and Indonesia
during the 1960s and 1970s to illustrate the two oil-based trajectories, and I conduct a broader test of the theory against
data for 21 oil-exporting, developing countries, which provides suggestive support for a two-path theory of oil-based aturhoritarian
persistence.
Benjamin Smith is an assistant professor of political science and Asian studies at the University of Florida. His first book,Hard Times in the Land of Plenty: Oil, Opposition, and Late Development, is under contract with Cornell University Press. Other work has appeared in theAmerican Journal of Political Science, World Politics, and theJournal of International Affairs. He is currently at work on a book-length study of durable authoritarianism with Jason Brownlee (University of Texas-Austin)
and on a study of the conditions under which democracy can consolidate in oil-rich countries with Joseph Kraus (University
of Florida).
Thanks to Jason Brownlee, Sam Huntington, Joel Migdal, Pete Moore, Jon Pevehouse, Susan Pharr, Dan Slater, David Waldner,
Patricia Woods, participants in the Sawyer Seminar in comparative politics at Harvard University; participants in the “Transforming
Authoritarian Rentier Economies and Protectorates” seminar at the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Bonn; and three anonymous
reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this article. 相似文献
7.
The article expands citizen participation research by tackling participation from the viewpoint of elected officials – the recipients of citizen input. The article studies the role citizen input plays in elected officials’ decision making. Citizen input is defined as information elected officials obtain through direct contact with citizens and representatives of local associations. Using survey data from Norwegian local government, the article assesses how much citizen input councillors receive, and to what extent they use it to set local agendas. It is demonstrated that Norwegian councillors have a high degree of exposure to citizen input and that citizen input constitutes most councillors’ primary source of agenda‐setting inspiration. The article also examines differences in the extent to which councillors use citizen input, and draws on existing theoretical and empirical research to discuss how these differences can be explained. For example, findings that local government frontbenchers and highly educated councillors consider citizen input less useful than others do are explained by an analytical perspective emphasizing councillors’ varied needs for such information. 相似文献
8.
Richard Snyder 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2001,36(1):93-110
Subnational units of analysis play an increasingly important role in comparative politics. Although many recent studies of
topics such as ethnic conflict, economic policy reform, and democratization rely on comparisons across subnational political
units, insufficient attention has been devoted to the methodological issues that arise in the comparative analysis of these
units. To help fill this gap, this article explores how subnational comparisons can expand and strengthen the methodological
repertoire available to social science researchers. First, because a focus on subnational units is an important tool for increasing
the number of observations and for making controlled comparisons, it helps mitigate some of the characteristic limitations
of a small-N research design. Second, a focus on subnational units strengthens the capacity of comparativists to accurately
code cases and thus make valid causal inferences. Finally, subnational comparisons better equip researchers to handle the
spatially uneven nature of major processes of political and economic transformation.
Richard Snyder is assistant professor of political science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the author
ofPolitics after Neoliberalism (2001). His articles on regime change and the political economy of development have appeared inWorld Politics, Comparative Politics, Journal of Democracy, andBritish Journal of Political Science.
I appreciate helpful comments on this material from Nancy Bermeo, Dexter Boniface, David Collier, John Gerring, Edward Gibson,
Robert Kaufman, Juan Linz, James Mahoney, Kelly McMann, Gerardo Munck, Peter Nardulli, David Samuels, Judith Tendler, and
two anonymous reviewers. I also benefited greatly from the insightful comments on an earlier draft provided by the participants
in the conference on “Regimes and Political Change in Latin America,” held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
in August 1999. 相似文献
9.
Caroline Beer 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2009,44(3):212-227
This article examines the relationship between democracy and gender equality. In particular, it contrasts the impact of long-term
stocks of democracy with the contemporary level of democracy and the participation of women in democracy. It contends that
democracy should be thought of as a historical phenomenon with consequences that develop over many years and decades and that women’s participation should be included as an important component of democracy. The main argument is that long-term
democracy together with women’s suffrage should provide new opportunities for women to promote their interests through mobilization
and elections. A cross-national time-series statistical analysis finds that countries with greater stocks of democracy and
longer experience of women’s suffrage have a higher proportion of the population that is female, a greater ratio of female
life expectancy to male life expectancy, lower fertility rates, and higher rates of female labor force participation.
Caroline Beer is Associate Professor of political science at the University of Vermont. She is author of Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico, published by the University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Her research has also been published in journals such as the American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, International Studies Quarterly, Comparative Political Studies, and Latin American Politics and Society. 相似文献
Caroline BeerEmail: |
Caroline Beer is Associate Professor of political science at the University of Vermont. She is author of Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico, published by the University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Her research has also been published in journals such as the American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, International Studies Quarterly, Comparative Political Studies, and Latin American Politics and Society. 相似文献
10.
11.
Democracy in Spain: Legitimacy, discontent, and disaffection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
José Ramón Montero Richard Gunther Mariano Torcal 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1997,32(3):124-160
This article examines changes in perceptions of democracy in Spain over the last two decades. A variety of empirical indicators
gleaned from numerous surveys are used to distinguish between democratic legitimacy and political discontent, as well as between
this (which includes the well-known indicator of dissatisfaction with the way democracy works) and political disaffection.
The article traces the different ways in which these attitudes have evolved in Spain over the last twenty years, and demonstrates
that they belong to different dimensions. It also includes the results of two tests showing that these two sets of attitudes
are conceptually and empirically distinct: a factor analysis confirms the distinct clustering of the indicators at the, individual
level, whilst cohort analysis identifies different patterns of continuity and change across generations.
José Ramón Montero is Professor of Political Science at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He obtained his doctorate in Law
at the Universidad de Santiago and has taught, at the Universities of Granada, Santiago, Zaragoza, Cádiz and the Universidad
Complutense de Madrid. He has been Visiting Professor at the Universities of Harvard, California at Berkeley, and Ohio State
University, as well as Secretary and Dean of the School of Law, Universidad de Cádiz, and Deputy Director of the Centro de
Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Richard Gunther is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University
of California at Berkeley, and is co-Chair of the Subcommittee on Southern Europe of the Social Science Research Council.
Mariano Torcal is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He holds a doctorate from
the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and a Ph.D candidacy in Political Science from the Ohio State University. He has been a
Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science at the Univeristy of Michigan, and Visiting Fellow at the Kellogg
Institute for International Studies, Notre Dame University. 相似文献
12.
Jacqui Briggs 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(4):71-84
Based upon in‐depth interviews with female councillors from Hull, England and from Montreal, Canada, this article seeks to address the motivations, expectations and experiences of female local councillors. It examines what galvanised these women into political activity, whether or not they encountered any difficulties in their quest to become a councillor and, once elected, how they operate. The key aspects identified by this research include, firstly, the obstacles faced by females in their quest to become local councillors; secondly, the benefits/necessity of having a supportive partner and, thirdly, the concept of the ‘dual calibre of councillor’, that is, the community representative and the local politico. 相似文献
13.
14.
Political institutions play key roles in rapidly developing states. This article describes the complex and overlapping responsibilities
of Indonesian government institutions and explains how they affect policy design and implementation in two policy arenas:
primary education and soil/water conservation. It suggests that the struggles for control over local level implementation
between general (territorial) regional government and branch offices of specialized, central ministries seriously constrain
performance in these two sectors.
Dwight Y. King is associate professor of political science and associate of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern
Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 (internet: dking@niu.edu). He continues use research on how the structures of national
bureaucracies and the policies governing them affect civil servants’ behavior and economic development, as well as the political
economy of bureaucratic reform. 相似文献
15.
Michael Cole 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(6):711-730
Local ward boundary reviews are designed to equalise electorates within each local authority, thereby satisfying the requirement of ‘one vote, one value’. In 2010 this responsibility was passed to the Local Government Boundary Commission for England which has sought to engage with key stakeholders about the process generally. The main actors affected by this process are incumbent councillors who frequently find their own ward boundaries have altered significantly. Such changes may prompt some councillors to stand down before the new boundaries are implemented but others continue and represent new wards. Using data gathered from a survey of councillors whose boundaries were reviewed the paper examines their attitudes towards the principle of boundary revision and the period that should elapse between one review and the next. Councillors are clearly divided over the respective merits of electoral equalisation and communities of local interest when constructing new boundaries. Those serving in the most rural authorities value more the relationship between ward and community boundaries while councillors in the most urbanised areas are more willing to support the strength of argument favouring electoral equality. The paper concludes with a recommendation that there should be more research undertaken immediately after each future review is completed in order to assess the extent and reasons why some councillors choose to stand down and others continue to stand for election to the new wards. This research should also measure more precisely the subsequent impact on councillors in terms of their workload when new electoral boundaries are introduced. 相似文献
16.
Peter Evans 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2005,40(2):85-94
The relationship between property rights and development has always been a central concern for both theorists and policy makers.
The growing role of information and communications technology in the economies of both North and South intensifies the salience
of this issue. This commentary extends the discussion of the two visions of property rights that are introduced by Weber and
Bussell (2005). In one, property rights are restructured along the lines pioneered by the open-source software community to
create a “new commons” of productive tools; in the other, Northern corporations successfully defend their politically protected
monopoly rights over intangible assets and even extend them through a “second enclosure movement” to an ever larger set of
ideas, information, and images. Currently, the second enclosure movement remains dominant, but which of these visions is likely
to predominate in the longer run depends on the interests and potential power of key actors and on the possibilities for alliances
among them—not just Northern corporations, but Southern states and private entrepreneurs, as well.
Peter Evans is professor of sociology and Marjorie Meyer Eliaser Chair of International Studies at the University of California,
Berkeley. His research has focused on the comparative political economy of developing countries, particularly industrialization
and the role of the state, as exemplified byEmbedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995). He has also worked urban environmental issues, producing the edited volumeLivable Cities: Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability (University of California Press, 2002). His current interest in the politics of globalization is reflected in his chapter,
“Counter-hegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Global Political Economy,” forthcoming
in theHandbook of Political Sociology (Cambridge University Press). 相似文献
17.
James Mahoney Richard Snyder 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1999,34(2):3-32
The oscillation of the study of political regime change between voluntarist and structural approaches has increasingly led
scholars to seek research strategies for synthesizing the two approaches. This article addresses the conceptual and practical
difficulties of achieving such a synthesis by evaluating several strategies for integrating voluntarist and structural factors
in the analysis of regime change. It examines competing ways of conceptualizing agency and structure and assesses the varied
consequences that different conceptualizations have for explaining regime transformation. The article also analyzes three
distinct strategies for integrating agency and structure: the funnel, path-dependent, and eclectic strategies. Each integrative
strategy isanchored by a different conceptual base and has characteristic strengths and limitations. The conclusion explores
future directions for developing integrative strategies.
The authors are listed in alphabetical order and share equal responsibility for the content of this analysis. We appreciate
helpful comments and suggestions from Christopher Ansell, Ruth Berins Collier, Michael Bratton, David Collier, Larry Diamond,
Giuseppe di Palma, Peter Evans, John Foran, Jeff Goodwin, Tomasz Grabowski, Ernst Haas, Stephan Haggard, Jonathan Hartlyn,
Terry Karl, Steven Levitsky Juan Linz, Gerardo Munck, Pierre Ostiguy, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Eric Selbin, Michael Sinatra,
Jutta Weldes, Alexander Wendt, and Brendan Works.
James Mahoney is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Brown University. He is currently finishing a book that analyzes liberalism
and regime change in five Central American countries during the 19th and 20th centuries. Richard Snyder is Assistant Professor
of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has published numerous articles on both regime
change and the politics of economic reform. He is currently completing a forthcoming book entitledPolitics after Neoliberalism. 相似文献
18.
This article investigates three hypotheses suggested in the literature on women’s political empowerment, operationalized here
as increased legislative representation. These hypotheses are that (1) electoral systems manipulate women’s political empowernment;
(2) increased popular participation empowers women in particular; and (3) accumulated experience gained over several electoral
cycles facilitates increased political empowerment of women. In Africa, as well as in other parts of the world, majoritarian
systems discriminate against women, while the effect of large parties in proportional representation systems is more ambiguous,
and popular participation and repetitive electoral cycles are increasing women’s legislative representation. This article
demonstrates the value of studying gender relations under democratization, even with a narrow institutionalist focus using
an elitist perspective. Finally, it shows that institutions can travel over diverse contexts with constant effects.
Staffan I. Lindberg is a Ph.D. candidate at Lund University. He has published on state building, democratization, and clientilism.
From 1999 to 2001, he worked as an international consultant to Parliament in Ghana. His dissertation is on elections and the
stabilization of polyarchy in sub-Saharan Africa.
I would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from Goran Hyden, Andreas Schedler, Wynie Pankani, two anonymous reviewers,
and the editors of the journal. The content, of course, is the author’s sole responsibility. This research has been made possible
by Sida Grant No. SWE-1999-231. 相似文献
19.
Thomas D. Lancaster Gabriella R. Montinola 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2001,36(3):3-28
As with other areas of comparative political inquiry, analyses of political corruption must carefully negotiate around numerous
methodological issues. In this article, we focus primarily on problems of operationalization and measurement of corruption.
We evaluate the major examples of cross-country measures of corruption that have recently emerged and review research that
has incorporated the new measures. We end with a discussion of an alternative method for the cross-national measurement and
analysis of corruption, one that might also facilitate the goal of establishing universal principles and causal claims about
political corruption.
Thomas D. Lancaster is associate professor of political science at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. His research and
teaching interests include comparative politics, with a specialization in western and southern European politics, and the
logic of comparative political inquiry.
Gabriella R. Montinola is assistant professor of political science at the University of California, Davis. Her current research
focuses on economic development, interest representation, and the causes and consequences of political corruption. She is
the author or co-author of articles in various journals, includingWorld Politics, Journal of Democracy, andBritish Journal of Political Science.
The authors would like to thank Richard Doner, Robert Jackman, and the editor and referees ofSCID for their helpful comments. 相似文献
20.
Jean Yule 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(3):31-54
This article examines the recruitment processes that shaped the patterns of gendered segregation in Labour and Conservative party group hierarchies in two local authorities in the north of England in the late 1980s. The article explores the ways in which women councillors necessarily negotiate the tensions of being a woman in male dominated party groups, and the ways in which these negotiations are mediated by party group differences. The research on which the article is based indicates that during periods of local political change, gains made by women in their party group may be consolidated but may also be eroded. 相似文献