社会资本理论与社会公正问题

社会资本理论的兴起为社会公正实现的研究提供了新思路。社会资本与社会公正之间存在着结构性依赖和制约的关系。目前,我国的社会资本存在诸多缺陷,制约着社会公正的普遍形成。为此,通过转变政府职能、界定政府权力,加强制度整合、推动法治化进程,培育公民社会的公民意识和公共精神以及促进民间组织的健康发展,进而实现社会资本从传统到现代的转型,是实现社会公正的重要前提和题中应有之义。     

社会资本与社会组织运转——以甘东用水协会为例

促进人们之间相互合作有三种机制——科层、市场和自组织.三种机制在官僚成本、交易成本与结社成本低的情况下都能很好地促进民众之间的合作,但是在缺少社会资本的地方,随着三种成本的上升,合作机制可能都会导致不合作行为的发生.根据对中国目前唯一的整体实行参与式灌溉管理改革并取得成功的中型灌区——甘东用水协会进行实地调研,从协会在现实中所遇到的用水户合作困境出发,针对甘东用水协会内用水户为什么不积极参与和自己利益密切相关的社会组织的建设这个问题,从科层影子、扭曲市场和公民社会缺乏三个方面对甘东用水协会困境进行了分析.得出:政府或者其他外部机构在社会资本缺乏、市场机制难以奏效的地方建立用水协会这类社会组织,要想实现其可持续发展,必须使其脱离科层控制;而且政府或者外部机构在投资方向上也要更加侧重于促进地方社会资本增加的项目,而不是用时髦的、现代的、复杂的组织或者设备来简单代替原来的基础设施.     

Social Capital and Endogenous Preferences

In this paper we analyze whether social capital can emerge endogenously from a process of preference evolution. We define social capital as preferences that promote voluntary cooperation in a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma game. We investigate how the endogenous preferences depend on the amount of information individuals have about each other’s preferences. When there is sufficiently much information, maximal social capital emerges. In general, the level of social capital varies positively with the amount of information. Our results may add to an understanding of the factors that determine a society’s ability to generate cooperative outcomes.     

Economic Growth and Social Capital

Recent interdisciplinary theoretical work has suggested that social capital, or the interpersonal trust of citizens, plays an important role in explaining both the efficiency of political institutions, and in the economic performance of contemporary societies. This paper examines the relationship between social capital and economic growth in a sample of thirty-four countries over the period 1970 to 1992, within the framework of a modified neo-classical model of economic growth. The findings suggest that social capital has an impact on growth which is at least as strong as that of human capital or education, which has been the focus of much of the recent work on endogenous growth theory. It appears to have about the same impact on growth as catch-up or the ability of poorer nations to adopt technological innovations pioneered by their richer counterparts.     

Social Trust, Social Capital and Perceptions of Immigration

Analyses of social capital and immigration have stressed the negative impact that culturally diverse societies have for the development of social trust. Ethnic heterogeneity, according to these studies, is associated with lower levels of social trust. However, social trust has not been studied as an independent variable in order to explain attitudes towards immigration. This article argues that societies with high levels of social capital facilitate the integration of immigrants because those members with high levels of social trust will tend to have more positive attitudes towards immigration. This hypothesis is empirically tested in a cross-country multi-level empirical analysis for sixteen European countries, drawing on the 2002–3 European Social Survey. This analysis shows that, regardless of the impact of other individual-level variables and contextual variables such as levels of unemployment or percentage of foreign population, those with high social capital do exhibit more positive attitudes towards immigration than the rest of the population.     

社会资本、社会和谐与我国社会主义和谐社会建设

社会资本的培育能够提升公民的宽容和妥协精神、提升公民对制度的认同感、增强公民的合作参与的品质。在转型时期,我国社会资本存在着严重缺失现象,制约着社会的良性运行和协调发展。因此,通过增强政民之间的信任、引入"善治"的社会治理范式、完善规范等社会资本的培育应当成为构建和谐社会的一个重要视角。     

Social Capital and Local Government Capacity

Local authorities vary considerably in their capacity for governance. The dimensions of this capacity can only be developed by drawing on local stocks of social capital. The seminal theories of social capital tend to conceive it as a community resource that is built up through a long tradition of civic engagement. We take issue with the laissez–faire implications of these theories, highlighting ways in which local governments can positively contribute to social capital formation by opening their 'political opportunity structure' and engaging voluntary organisations and community groups in trust–based partnership arrangements.     

Social Capital and Regional Economies in Britain

Is social capital a prerequisite for prosperity? This paper analyzes social capital and economic performance in the British regions. Like Italy, Britain has a north–south economic divide. Are these differences caused by unequal stocks of social capital? This paper provides limited support for the hypothesized relationship between some indicators of social capital (especially trust and civic associations) and economic performance. Economic associations, however, are negatively correlated. This highlights shortcomings in social capital theory in terms of transferring the concept to new settings, the mechanisms linking social capital to production and the translation of social capital into public policy.     

区域社会资本与区域应急协作

与一般的社会资本不同,区域社会资本具有复杂性和多层次性,是独具区域特色的结构性资源。其与区域应急协作存在着内在的结构性契合,前者为后者提供协作平台、制度框架、心理和社会基础。基于区域社会资本的视角,加强区域应急协作需着力发展自愿社团,建立区域应急协作网络;健全区域应急协作制度规范,整合各主体的自主行动;实现信息资源高度共享,建立区域应急协作信任机制;积极引导区域应急认知,形成区域应急协作共识。     

Social Identity and Social Capital: The Collective Self at Work

Organizational scholars and institutional theorists have shown a great deal of interest in the concept of social capital. To a large extent, this interest has been fueled by accumulating evidence that social capital plays a vital role in the development of more cooperative, productive, and stable relationships within organizations and institutions. Recognizing these benefits, a major focus of recent theoretical efforts has been explicating the antecedents of social capital. Drawing on concepts from social identity theory and related theories of the self, this paper develops a framework for conceptualizing how individuals' psychological identification with a collective enhances their willingness to engage in behaviors that contribute to the creation and maintenance of social capital. The paper reviews empirical evidence in favor of the framework and draws out some of its theoretical and applied implications.     

论社会资本如何提高政府绩效

提高政府绩效是政府的重要目标之一,社会资本作为一种具有巨大潜在功能的生产性社会资源,在政府绩效的提高中扮演着重要角色。文章在对社会资本及政府绩效的概念进行界定的基础上,从五个方面对社会资本对政府绩效的作用进行了分析。     

社会资本理论探析

社会资本是在公民参与网络中、在普遍互惠规范下形成的信任关系.网络、规范和信任是社会资本的灵魂.社会资本具有生产性、不完全代替性、公共物品性、不可转让与个人物质依赖性和投资收益不确定性等.社会资本能够克服集体行动困境,达到理想状态.社会资本的功效存在着微观和宏观两个层次.对社会资本投资的总体思路是加强网络的闭合性,促进社会结构的稳定性,达到一种普遍的互惠,完善社会资本的表现形式,保持社会资本的有效性.     

Social Capital and the Dynamics of Trust in Government

It is well understood that trust in government responds to the performance of the president, Congress, and the economy. Despite improved government performance, however, trust has never returned to the levels witnessed in the 1950s and 1960s. Social capital may be the force that has kept trust low. If so, we need to assess the relative contributions of both government performance and social capital at the macro level. Using macrolevel data, the analysis, here, is designed to capture the variation over time in both social capital and government performance and let them compete to explain the macro variation in trust. The empirical results demonstrate that both government performance and social capital matter, but that social capital appears to be the force which accounts for the decline in trust over the last 40 years.     

School Choice and the Creation of Social Capital Reexamined

Scholars have argued that by spurring parental involvement in school activities, school choice creates social capital. While government policies may be able to create social capital, we doubt that school choice is such a policy and argue that participation in school activities is largely determined by individual-level attributes and the school context, rather than choice per se. To assess this claim we use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study data. Unlike most school choice studies, this data set has a large, representative national sample. More importantly, the panel structure of the data allows us to examine the same parents both before and after the school choice decision has been made, permitting a true dynamic analysis. The results demonstrate that actively choosing a child's school does not make parents more likely to participate in school activities. Some institutional attributes of schools do appear to increase parental involvement in school activities, however.     

我国社会劳资关系的演变及趋势

改革开放30年来,我国的社会劳资关系发生了很大变化.从计划经济到市场经济的劳动关系转型特征表现为:我国劳动关系的市场化基本完成;我国劳动关系的法制化逐步加强;我国劳动关系的复杂化矛盾凸显;我国劳动关系的国际化影响明显.从新时期新视角看我国劳资关系的演变趋势是:从经济体制转型的视角看,要突破"利益一体"的传统理论,正视改革开放过程中尖锐的劳资关系矛盾;从社会结构变革的视角看,要摆脱"两大阶级"的传统观念,正视市场经济条件下利益群体分化的现实;从意识形态发展的视角看,要超越"阶级斗争"的传统认识,正视构建和谐社会与劳资关系的民心所向;从劳资关系矛盾的视角看,要克服"传统工会"等体制难点,重视实现以人为本科学发展观的民生需求.构建和谐劳资关系的协调机制亟待新的突破,具体在于:政府部门在处理劳资关系问题时扮演角色的错位、越位现象亟待改观;在法律规范和社会道义中维护劳动者群体的政治权利和经济权利;建立以工会为代表的工资集体协商等集体谈判制度,健全相关的利益协调机制、诉求表达机制、矛盾调处机制和权益保障机制.     

The Unintended Effects of Social Policy Measures

The unintended effects of social policy measures are frequently important, controversial, difficult to ascertain and even more difficult to quantify. Some selected aspects of four types of unintended effects are discussed in this article. First, effects due to redistribution of income as well as life chances and opportunities as determined by market forces and attitudes (sexism, ageism, racism) favor some at the expense of others. Even redistribution which increases gross domestic product (GDP) often disadvantages certain groups. Second, contingency-related benefits tend to favor population groups differently. Third, free and subsidized health services, in certain conditions, increase both the supply and demand for services—the moral hazard problem. Fourth, contingency benefits in cash and kind tend to increase the incidence of such contingencies and, if income-related, tend to result in poverty and unemployment traps. Cross-national comparative studies may be a useful device in ascertaining effects or the absence of effects.     

高新技术产业集群中社会资本的作用

高新技术产业集群中社会资本的作用很大,主要体现在以下几个方面：影响高新技术产业集群的位置、发展速度和信息交流,促进集群内经济主体的合作;从契约角度来看,可以有效解决高新技术企业技术创新网络中契约缺口问题;有助于高新技术产业集群由萌芽阶段向初级阶段发展,并保证产业群由初级阶段进化到高级阶段;有助于促进高新技术产业集群实现知识的转移、流动和创造;有助于促进高新技术产业集群内企业间的集体学习;有助于高新技术产业风险投资基地的建立;有助于提高高新技术产业集群内企业创新效率;使高新技术产业集群内技术创新扩散更加迅速;激励高新技术产业集群内人才创新;等等。