贪污贿赂犯罪的数额问题研究

刑法规定的数额标准与司法实践不相适应的问题、影响刑罚轻重的数额等级划分不合理的问题及犯罪的数额起点问题是困扰我国刑事立法与司法实践的重大问题之一,我国贪污贿赂犯罪的数额起点应当进一步降低乃至取消而不是提高。贪污贿赂犯罪刑罚的数额等级应当进一步细分,情节规定应当具体化。贪污贿赂犯罪的数额法定是十分必要的,不能因为与司法实践脱节而否认其合理性。完善我国现行刑法贪污贿赂犯罪应当沿着数字化、具体化方向发展,凡是可以量化的一定要量化,基于我国的国情需要最大限度地减少模糊性、不确定性。     

挪用公款罪的数额计算

挪用公款的数额对定罪与量刑具有重要作用。挪用公款存在不同用途的,根据举重以明轻的解释原理,可以将用于非法活动与营利活动的数额评价为用于其他活动的数额;对每一笔挪用行为及其数额的认定必须以刑法规定为标准,只有当挪用行为能够被我国《刑法》第384条规定的构成要件所涵摄时,才能将挪用数额计入挪用公款罪的数额;既不能仅挑选其中用途最多的数额作为定罪量刑的根据,也不能按用途分别计算数额,更不能一概以总数额作为挪用公款罪的数额。多次挪用公款,并以后次挪用的公款归还前次挪用的公款的,并不是刑法意义上的归还,不能一律以案发时未还的实际数额认定,也不能仅按其中一次最高数额计算;对于归还前已经构成挪用公款罪的数额,应当累计计算。对携带部分挪用的公款潜逃的案件,为了确保罪刑相适应,也可能将贪污的公款数额评价为挪用公款的数额;在使用人与挪用人构成共同犯罪的案件中,使用人应当对与其行为具有因果性的挪用数额负责,而不是仅对使用数额负责;对共同挪用公款数额的认定,必须采取共犯从属性说并贯彻责任主义。     

犯罪论中数额的地位

在我国刑法中,关于犯罪数额的立法形式比较多,种类多样。我国刑法条文中有关数额的实体法规定,在入罪、此罪与彼罪、量刑等多个方面发挥作用。不能把刑法中所有的定量因素都理解为数额犯,数额犯是指法定的决定某一行为是否构成犯罪在量上的表现。要论证数额在犯罪构成中的地位,需要解决以下几个理论问题：（1）数额为什么能决定一个行为是否构成犯罪？（2）行为人主观上对数额没有认识的情形下,如何成立数额犯的故意犯罪？（3）数额犯是否存在未遂形态？上述三个问题的理论推理结论是：数额是犯罪成立要件要素。     

数额加重犯基本问题研究

数额加重犯的概念具有正当性.加重数额体现了数额加重犯的既遂形态对行为侵犯法益程度的要求.数额加重犯的未遂行为原则上具有刑事可罚性.对于数额加重犯的未遂形态,应当以数额加重犯的法定刑幅度作为量刑基础.     

恩格尔定律与财产犯罪数额标准之确定

通过对财产犯罪的历史性考察,以恩格尔定律为基础建立了确定和调整财产犯罪数额标准的理论模型,指出应以家庭平均年剩余财产数额作为财产犯罪的数额标准,并应在家庭平均储蓄余额等于当前年度家庭平均年剩余财产数额时将财产犯罪数额标准调升为当前年度家庭平均年剩余财产数额;并根据模型论证了财产犯罪与财产侵权的区别,对实定刑法上贪贿犯罪数额标准和法定刑的设置失当进行了反思。     

大鼠死后组织细胞DNA含量变化与死亡时间的相关性研究

目的应用流式细胞术研究大鼠死后组织细胞DNA含量变化与死亡时间的相关性。方法SD大鼠断颈处死后于不同时间段取心、肝、脾、肾器官组织,经胰蛋白酶消化等处理后制成单细胞悬液,应用流式细胞术,在620nm波长处检测各组不同器官组织细胞DNA含量,观察其变化规律。结果大鼠各器官组织细胞DNA含量随死亡时间延长均呈下降趋势。其中以脾组织细胞DNA含量变化趋势与死亡时间最具相关性,肝、肾次之,而心最差;死后48h,各器官组织细胞仅存微量完整的细胞核DNA。结论机体死亡后,各器官组织细胞核DNA含量随死亡时间的延长逐渐减少,具有一定的变化规律,可应用组织细胞DNA含量变化来推断死亡时间。     

数额犯中数额认识错误的评判

在我国违法和犯罪分开的二元立法背景下,必然使犯罪概念蕴含着罪量要素,刑法理论和司法实践当中的数额犯、情节犯等概念亦成为绕不开的重要话题,故此数额犯便成为了我国刑法理论上所特有的犯罪形态.因此,有必要对数额犯中数额认识错误的问题进行系统讨论,并提出相应的评判标准,以期能更好的解决司法实践中所遇到的难题.从数额犯所涉及的数额的概念入手,明确数额在数额犯中乃至我国刑法中的定位问题是研究数额认识错误评判的前提,由于数额认定是司法实践中定罪量刑的重要因素,但由于数额在刑事案件中看似具体但又包含着抽象的成分,所以既需要对其进行量的判断,又需要相应的价值判断.有了对数额认识错误的法理评判,就能结合刑法条文以及相关司法解释,对具体案件中行为人的数额认识错误问题作出正确的诠释.     

Amount of postmortem bleeding: an experimental autopsy study

An experimental autopsy study was performed on 64 cases (55 male, 9 female; average age 51.5 +/- 16.2 years) of sudden natural (38 cases) and asphyxic deaths (26 cases). The study objective was the amount of postmortem bleeding from postmortem cutting of the thoracic aorta, related to the time since death. The amount of postmortem bleeding ranged from 100 to 1300 cm, 440.6 +/- 268.1 cm on average. The time since death up to the autopsy time ranged from 4 to 72 hours, 19.4 +/- 12.9 in average. A statistically significant correlation between the amount of postmortem bleeding and postmortem time interval was stated: Pearson correlation test value r = -0.461 (P = 0.000): the shorter the time interval, the larger the amount of bleeding. The formula of linear regression was estimated according to this correlation: amount of postmortem bleeding (cm) = -9.571 x time since death (h) + 626.659. This proves that the amount of postmortem bleeding (eg, from aortic blunt rupture) could be about 620 cm.     

巨额财产来源不明罪的立法缺陷及其修正

刑法第395条第1款关于巨额财产来源不明罪的立法规定,在立法理由、犯罪客观要件等方面均存在缺陷。为贯彻科学的立法精神,借鉴他国的立法例,建议取消巨额财产来源不明罪罪名,而以拒不申报、虚假申报财产罪罪名代之,并完善我国的国家工作人员财产申报制度,如此,刑法将更加完善、科学。     

盗窃罪中“数额较大”的认定规则

“数额较大”的认定是盗窃罪定罪量刑中的关键问题之一。司法解释采用了数额属性多元化的认定方法,既缺乏理论基础,也难以有效指导实务。司法裁判虽倾向于重视处罚的实质合理性,但并未形成统一的认定规则。通过梳理不同立法例下“损失”要素的定位,可以形成“占有转移”与“财产损失”两种视角下“数额较大”认定的理论方案。基于整体财产保护理念的以客观实质损失作为认定基准的方案,存在忽视我国刑法不同条款对“数额性后果”表述上的差异、对司法实践的认识以偏概全、不能妥适处理轻微实施盗窃的出罪等问题。相对而言,立足个别财产保护思想、以占有转移数额为基础,同时考虑主观指向数额的方案凸显了主观要件对不法和责任的制约,能周延地应对各种案型,值得肯定。该方案的具体规则是:先确定基础性数额即占有转移的财物价值“较大”,以此作为数额上限,再考察故意、排除意思、利用意思等主观要件指向的数额,各数额均需达到“较大”,最终的“数额较大”,是经此多种数额共同认定的结果。     

Pleural effusion in bodies recovered from water

Both in saltwater and freshwater drowning cases, a common autopsy sign is pleural effusion. However, the factors that determine the amount of pleural effusion have not been well established. An attempt was therefore made to correlate the amount of pleural fluid in bodies recovered from water with several parameters registered on the judicial files as well as autopsy findings from the years 1994-1998. The number of cases with pleural fluid increase was found to be very high in saltwater drowning (P<0.001). But, when the freshwater and saltwater drowning cases with pleural fluid increase were compared according to pleural fluid amount, no significant difference was detected (521+/-340 and 768+/-536 ml, respectively). Although there was a positive correlation between the decomposition degree and the fluid in the pleural cavity, a relative decrease was detected in the amount of effusion contrary to the expectations in cases of extreme decomposition. Pleural fluid amount provides significant data about the type of water and the cause of death in early postmortem interval. And there is a link between the time spent in water and the amount of pleural effusion. With the advance of the postmortem interval, decomposition level and the duration of immersion should be taken into account in differential diagnosis.     

论一罪累计数量处罚制度的合理性

一罪累计数量处罚制度，是指对数个侵害行为的危害结果、侵害对象、行为规模等反映数行为客观危害程度的数值累加，从而对数行为社会危害进行整体评判并予以刑事处罚的一种制度。一罪累计数量处罚制度的存在有其价值判断依据——数个行为涉及的数量经过量的积累以及惊恐强化，导致数个违法行为的价值判断不同于单一违法行为，而与犯罪一致；数个罪轻情形的价值判断不同于一个罪轻情形，而与罪重情形一致。较之连续犯、同种数罪并罚等制度，一罪累计数量处罚制度具有适用范围广、价值评判科学、可操作性强等优势。     

不动产最高额抵押权的变更——兼评指导案例95号

按照指导案例95号,将既有债权转入最高额抵押担保债权范围的,未经登记亦有物权效力,但不得对第三人产生不利影响。该指导案例并非将不动产最高额抵押权变更的模式改变为登记对抗要件主义,而是对概括最高额抵押权之否定立场进行缓和,以便更充分地发挥最高额抵押权的优势。特定债权的转入属于最高额抵押担保的债权范围的变更,其与债权确定期间的变更、债务人基准的变更一样,都不需要后顺位抵押权人等第三人同意,因为不会破坏这类第三人的信赖基础。债权范围的变更遵循实行合同自由原则,其效力与登记无关,只不过当事人不得将非基于正常交易关系产生的债权纳入担保范围,给第三人造成难以预料的损害。这一裁判规则不得类推适用于最高额抵押权的决算期变更、债务人基准变更,为保护不特定第三人对最高额抵押担保债权是否已确定的信赖,这些事项的变更只有在最高额抵押权确定前办理登记,才能产生物权效力。     

金融知识与家庭借贷行为研究

利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)就金融知识对中国城镇家庭借贷行为的影响进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,基础金融知识、高级金融知识和金融风险知识均显著提升了家庭正规借贷可得性,同时也显著抑制了家庭非正规借贷可得性;基础金融知识和金融风险知识均显著增加了家庭正规借贷额,同时也显著降低了家庭非正规借贷额;高级金融知识仅显著增加了家庭正规借贷额,其对家庭非正规借贷额没有显著影响。此外,高级金融知识对家庭正规借贷的促进作用强于基础金融知识和金融风险知识,金融风险知识对家庭非正规借贷的抑制作用强于基础金融知识,而高级金融知识对家庭非正规借贷的抑制作用则最弱。内生性检验和稳健性检验说明以上结论是可靠的。     

惩罚性赔偿制度在我国产品责任中规定的不足与完善思考——以侵权责任法第47条之规定为考察对象

惩罚性赔偿是指赔偿数额超过实际损害数额的赔偿,其制度功能主要在于惩罚不法行为人,遏制类似行为再行发生,并就受害人之损失充分予以补偿。我国《侵权责任法》第47条关于惩罚性赔偿金的规定既有进步意义,也存在一定问题。合理适用惩罚性赔偿金,明确其适用条件,特别是对赔偿金数额标准的合理确定关系着惩罚性赔偿制度的功能与价值的充分实现。     

商誉损害赔偿若干问题研究

近年来,商誉损害赔偿纠纷越来越多.商誉损害不适用精神损害赔偿制度.关于商誉损害赔偿的数额,尚无具有可操作性的计算标准,法院在处理此类案件时较难把握.司法实践中商誉损害赔偿额一是在综合考虑基础上酌情确定,二是以商誉权人消除影响所需费用作为赔偿额的确定依据.应根据商誉损害的不同情况具体分析,然后确定应适用的计算标准.同时,确定商誉赔偿数额的其他方式如法定赔偿额制度等.     

Payment for non-VA physician services associated with either outpatient or inpatient care provided at non-VA facilities--VA. Final rule

This document amends Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical regulations concerning payment for non-VA physician services that are associated with either outpatient or inpatient care provided to eligible VA beneficiaries at non-VA facilities. Generally, when a service-specific reimbursement amount has been calculated under Medicare's Participating Physician Fee Schedule, VA would pay the lesser of the actual billed change or the calculated amount. Also, when an amount has not been calculated or when the services constitute anesthesia services, VA would pay the amount calculated under a 75th percentile formula or, in certain limited circumstances, VA would pay the usual and customary rate. Adoption of this final rule is intended to establish reimbursement consistency among federal health benefits programs to ensure that amounts paid to physicians better represent the relative resource inputs used to furnish a service, and to achieve program cost reductions. Further, consistent with statutory requirements, the regulations continue to specify that VA payment constitutes payment in full.     

Successful Restitution as a Predictor of Juvenile Recidivism

Abstract This is an evaluative study of a juvenile probationary project in which youth are ordered to pay restitution as a term of probation and, to assure them means of compliance, the juvenile court arranges for and supplies their employment. Demographic variables (age and sex) and court-related variables (plea, length of probation, amount of restitution ordered, and amount and proportion actually paid) are examined in relation to one another and, most important, in relation to recidivism as measured by subsequent law violations for which the offender was investigated, and subsequent law violations that resulted in formal charges against the youth. The data demonstrate that recidivism is related to severity of the initial offense, but more important, it is related to the youth's success in achieving the restitution goal. Successful compliance with the restitution order, when success is measured by amount of restitution paid relative to the amount ordered by the court, is significantly related to revocation of probation, time given to pay, amount ordered to be paid, and subsequent offenses charged. Indeed, the proportion of restitution paid is the most important predictor of recidivism. The data reinforce the dominant legislative position that an offender's ability to pay must be taken into account in ordering restitution.