我国农村人力资本投资的制约因素与对策分析

加大人力资本投资力度,充分发挥农村人力资本的资源优势是我国解决“三农”问题、建设社会主义新农村的一大重要举措。而由于农村居民人均收入低、城市优先发展策略、农村人力资本投资收益率低下、农村劳动力在城市的非正规就业等原因,严重阻碍了农村人力资本的投资行为。故而,笔者建议:政府应加大对农村义务教育投资力度,大力发展农村职业技术教育,提高农村人口的整体文化水平;大力发展农村合作医疗事业;形成城乡统一的劳动力市场,提高农村人力资本投资回报率,从而提高农村人口的整体素质,变人口压力为人力资源优势。     

合理的教育分流:民族地区职业教育发展的有效途径

近年来,民族地区的职业教育获得前所未有的发展,但也存在诸多问题,需要进一步深化改革。由于供传统观念的影响,人们不愿选择职业教育,这使职业教育的发展出现生源困境,为此,我们应建立健全职业咨询体制,通过合理的教育分流来引导学生克服传统偏见,自愿选择职业教育。同时,民族地区的职业教育应立足本民族地区丰富的民族文化土壤,使职业教育与民族文化共生发展,在此基础上进一步优化配置职业教育资源,大力推进民族地区职业教育的发展。     

如何突破中国农村反贫困政策的瓶颈

改革开放以来,我国农村的反贫困政策取得了举世瞩目的成就。但是,目前我国农村反贫困政策实际上陷入了某种瓶颈之中。要突破中国农村反贫困政策的瓶颈,就必须在全社会确立起让全体社会成员共享社会发展成果的基本理念。在此条件下,针对中国农村社会政策存在的问题分别采取以下几项实际的对策:缩小城乡反贫困政策之间的差距;启动农村的职业培训;将公益性(救济式)扶贫与生产性(开发性)扶贫有效地结合在一起;对失地农民需要采取力度更大的扶持政策;重视极端贫困地区的搬迁式扶贫。     

Decentralization by default: Local governance and the view from the village in The Gambia

Policies to decentralize government activities in The Gambia have been on the agenda for more than a decade but no decisions have been taken. During this period the quality of government services to rural areas has declined dramatically. The linchpin of provincial administration, the divisional commissioner, has become redundant as far as development is concerned. The activities of line ministries have deteriorated as their expenditures have been reduced and they lack the funds to permit staff to operate at village level. Area councils that were previously regarded as wasteful are now totally discredited. Village development committees (VDCs) have been formed, but the results are mixed and often they are ineffective. By default, decentralization in the 1980s and early 1990s in The Gambia has been achieved by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which have rapidly grown in number and significance. This article explores the perceptions of villagers in The Gambia about the various organizations that are meant to serve their needs. Its conclusion speculates on proposals to implement a new decentralization policy in the country and points to the need for aid agencies to adopt a less simplistic approach to the issue of local governance.     

劳动力转移对农业经营体制市场化影响研究

随着我国农业人口向城市持续转移,农地流转也不断增加。这两个农村重要经济条件的变化,对我国农业经营体制有重要影响,推动农业经营体制向市场化不断转变。重点分析了劳动力转移对形成于1980年代的农业经营体制的影响机制。     

农村中学英语教学现状的思考

农村英语教育是关系我国英语教育水平高低的重要因素之一。但是由于种种原因,农村初中英语教学水平一直不高。从农村英语教学的现状出发,分析其存在的问题及原因,从提高教师的自身素质、改进教学方法、改善教学设施和培养学生学习英语的兴趣四个方面提出解决的途径与方法。     

Targeting State Aid To Distressed Rural Communities

Recent rural economic problems have prompted some states totarget economic development assistance to distressed rural areas.The most common way to target these programs has been to allocateaid based on unemployment rates. This may be a questionablepractice, however, because the unemployment rate is a poor indicatorof economic difficulty in many rural areas. This article assessesthe strengths and weaknesses of alternative economic, social,and fiscal indicators that are available for allocating aidto distressed rural communities. It concludes with some specificsuggestions for improving the effectiveness of state aid fordistressed rural areas. Background information is provided concerningrural economic and fiscal difficulties in the 1980s and recentstate initiatives.     

高职商务英语口语课堂教学质量的思考与改进

社会的发展以及商务英语专业培养方案的需要均迫使我们重视培养学生的英语能力,特别是口语能力。但受传统教育理念、手段、环境等诸多因素的制约,此前高职商务英语口语课程有其局限性,教学质量整体不能得以很好的提高,从而学生的商务英语水平也不能符合职业发展的需要。通过结合自身教学实际,提出改进商务英语口语教学的建议。     

THE POPULATION TURNAROUND IN RURAL AND SMALL TOWN AMERICA

Noting the continuing rural in-migration of the 197Os, the most prominent of contemporary rural demographers looks at some initial interpretations from the emerging 1980s census data. This in-migration to all types of rural areas reverses a trend of several decades and signals new challenges for rural areas. Some observable population patterns are discussed including the predominant influx of white upper income groups and those on government transfer programs, including retirees.     

Experience of training for decentralized planning in Nepal

People's participation is both a method and an objective of rural development programmes in Nepal. The government has adopted decentralization measures to facilitate this. As the subject of decentralization involves new roles and responsibilities for both people and government officials, designing viable training programmes has been emphasized. Commensurate with this, a pilot training programme has been conducted in the Tanahun District for two years. The objective of this programme was to produce a decentralized planning training module which could be replicated elsewhere. This paper deals with the content of this programme and highlights the lessons learnt.     

Cooperative education and training at the grassroots in Nigeria

Faced with evidence of an appallingly low standard of living which the vast majority of men and women in Nigeria have despite two decades of development and cooperative movements, the Federal and State Governments now attempt to ensure that the real target of development are the human beings who will remain central to all redefinitions and to all revised strategies. This study proposes a theoretical framework for cooperative education and training programmes in the rural areas of Nigeria in order to raise the level of understanding and performance of cooperative members. The approach is primarily an amalgam of the general process model of organization systems and McGrath's problem - based/problem - solving systems. Application of the approach subsequently suggests a method of scientific inquiry which this paper conceives as the Cooperative Education Working Model. To be most effective, Nigerian cooperators must regard cooperative education and training as a vital benefit which their membership provides for them.     

Rural Development Policy: Rationale and Reality

America's rural communities have fared poorly in economic termscompared to metropolitan areas. After a spurt of growth in the1970s that seemed to be closing the gap, rural areas are againlosing ground. Rural communities have argued for special helpfrom the national government. Such help can be justified tofacilitate balanced economic growth, create "more equal" standardsof living, and benefit small farmers, a group for whom the nationhas a special regard. The counter-arguments are that specialhelp to rural areas postpones adjustments to an increasinglyurban world and that federal rural programs subsidize a favoredlife-style. In fact, several federal development programs serverural areas. President Carter announced a rural policy in 1979.In 1980 the Congress enacted legislation requiring future administrationsto address rural concerns systematically. The Reagan administrationhas sent Congress the rural development strategy required bythe law, and two annual updates. However, if having a policymeans having a systematic approach to reaching defined objectives,the U.S. has had no rural policy. The objectives of federalrural efforts have never been settled on, and approaches torural problems continue to be unsystematic.     

Decentralization and district development planning in Zimbabwe

One of the most important dimensions of rural development policy in Zimbabwe since independence has been rural local government reform, in particular decentralization policy. Evidence from a number of recent studies is used to present a comprehensive review of Zimbabwe's experience of local government decentralization during the first eight years of independence, 1980 to 1988. Section 2 presents a brief outline of some basic concepts on decentralization which have guided the discussion. Section 3 contains a short account of the local government system inherited from the colonial era. Section 4 outlines the major post-independence reforms, that is: the 1980 District Councils Act; the 1984-85 Prime Minister's Directive on Decentralization; the 1985 Provincial Councils and Administration Act; and the 1988 Rural District Councils Act. Section 5 presents an assessment of these reforms, paying particular attention to organizational, financial and planning issues. While some important improvements have been achieved in rural Communal Areas-in particular the extension of services and increases in local revenues and popular participation-the system of local government and administration remains a dual one. Other problems include the gap between the planning and budgeting processes, continued financial dependence of district councils on central government, and a lack of serious effort by central government to make use of provincial and district development plans.     

Providing rural credit in southern India: A comparison of commercial banks and cooperatives

This paper contrasts the recent experiences of two different institutions in providing credit and savings facilities in the countryside of Tamil Nadu, southern India. Ever since the late-1960s, there has been a rising demand for credit to finance investment in agriculture. This has been reinforced by Government policy over the last two decades, and especially since 1980, to provide credit both to priority activities, including agriculture, and to disadvantaged rural groups. Part of that policy has been to encourage the commercial banks to offer services in the countryside, alongside the previously well-developed network of cooperatives offering formal rural credit. The commercial banks have had considerable success in expanding their network of branches, and in increasing bank deposits and loans in rural areas. Operating as corporate bureaucracies, the banks have been able to expand without being crippled in the process. On the other hand, their institutional strength has meant that Government credit policy has been implemented cautiously. The agricultural credit cooperatives, no newcomers to the countryside, have still to fulfil their long-declared function of providing short-term credit for crop production to the majority of agricultural households. Loan recovery by the cooperatives has been weak. The cooperatives have suffered partly from the internal contradictions inherent in any cooperative structure imposed upon the peasantry, from major flaws in the organizational structure of Tamil Nadu cooperatives, as well as from the increasing appropiation of the cooperatives for party political ends. The contrasting experiences of the two different institutions in providing rural credit illustrate how policy applied through different institutions can produce quite different outcomes. They also demonstrate how changes in the socio-political environment, neither immediately obvious nor predictable, can critically affect policy results.     

中国性别失衡问题的社会管理:整体性治理框架

1980年以来中国的出生人口性别比开始急剧升高并长期高位徘徊.随着中国社会的快速转型,性别失衡作为社会管理领域的重大人口问题正面临着诸多问题和挑战.因此在当前的人口社会管理中的管理理念和公共政策等方面就需要突破旧有的管理格局和机制,引入整体性治理理论,最终构建性别平等的和谐社会.本文描述了中国出生人口性别比的最新态势,评述了近年来性别失衡治理的公共政策体系,从整体性治理理论出发论述了社会管理视域下性别失衡治理问题,并基于整体性治理理论提出了性别失衡的社会管理框架,为政府性别失衡治理问题提供支持.基于上述框架,本文发现在中国的性别失衡社会管理框架中存在碎片化问题,公共政策体系需要完善,在性别失衡整体性治理的社会管理框架中要纳入对大龄未婚男性的关注.     

新时代村干部权力监督问题研究

村干部是我国农村社会治理中的关键角色。近年来,各级政府对农村的投入支持力度越来越大,村干部廉政风险也随之加大,一旦对村干部权力监督不够,容易引发村干部违纪违法现象,进而侵害农民群众的利益,损害党和政府的形象,危害党的执政根基。应通过进一步加强农村基层党组织党风廉政建设,提高村干部教育培训管理质量,创新农村基层民主监督方式方法,夯实村务监督委员会履职责任,推动巡察向村级党组织延伸等系统综合治理举措,为基层组织廉政建设提供强有力的保障,以确保新时代全面建设社会主义现代化国家顺利进行。     

高职院校专业实践课教学与学生思想教育研究

针对高职学生在专业实践课中出现的兴趣不浓、成绩不良的现状进行分析和研究,采取"两手抓"的方法。一方面从学生的思想教育为出发点,在教育者与受教育者的和谐关系中引导学生热爱自己的专业,学好专业,培养学生的开拓意识。使学生有诚信品质、敬业精神和责任意识;另一方面以培养学生专业实践课学习兴趣为着落点,培养具备过硬专业技能的高素质技能人才,以适应在以后的就业中有机会不断拓展人生发展空间,既可以做能工巧匠,使之成为企业的中流砥柱,又可以随着社会经济结构的调整、市场的变化而随时随地地更换职业岗位,还可以自己开设店铺,实现自我价值,又给别人创造就业机会。     

社会制度与青年农民工的就业质量——基于湖南长沙市的实证调查

对长沙市301名青年农民工的实证研究结果表明,青年农民工的就业质量偏低,且受社会制度的显著影响。其中就业机构、就业培训和继续教育状况与职业声望和收入水平显著相关;就业机构和就业培训与职业稳定性显著相关;就业培训和继续教育与职业发展机会显著相关。因此,必须改革与完善户籍制度及相关制度,消除青年农民工就业的制度歧视,并大力加强青年农民工群体的自组织建设。     

Revitalizing public management training in the Americas

The decade of the 1980s signalled major changes within public administration and development-oriented activities. As a consequence of the internationalization of the agendas of practitioners and academics working in these areas, there is today a growing convergence among public policy, public management, public administration and political science. Given the complexity of the public sector cross-nationally, what has become necessary in public management education is the design of programmes that meet specific needs and priorities and which are responsive to very different national settings. This particular case study is centred around one endeavour to achieve more effective interfacing between theory and practice, in the teaching of public management and the design of development programmes in the United States (US). It is based on an assessment of a 10-year co-operative endeavour between the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration and the US Agency for International Development. The outcomes of this project provided not only leverage for important changes in the teaching programmes of schools concerned with international management education but also built a new relationship between government and a non-governmental organization through the contacting out of management development work.     

国外教育公共服务改革成效与启示

从政府教育公共服务职能、公共教育的财政投入、重视基础教育事业的发展、实施教育绩效评估、完善教育公共服务多元化体系以及加强职业技术教育等方面介绍了国外有关教育公共服务的具体做法与经验,为推进我国教育公共服务的发展提供参考借鉴。