The article discusses the relationship between epidemics and international security. It analyzes how human economic behaviors have broken the equilibrium of co-evolution, and examines the possible dangerous impacts of this upon human society. Finally, mechanisms of cooperation against pandemics at the governmental and grassroots level are listed. The authors argue that only by revising our conception of development and establishing an integrated understanding of global progress can we achieve international cooperation against epidemics. 相似文献
This preliminary study traces how climate change came to be viewed
as a security issue in the United States through a review of policy documents and
reports prepared for and by the US security sector. The paper draws upon the ideas
of constructivist schools of security studies to provide an analytical framework for
understanding the meaning of the securitization process as it has occurred in the
United States. It then refl ects upon the adequacy of those frameworks to interpret the
securitization of climate change. In the US, new knowledge of the phenomenon of
climate change was fi rst constructed in the research sector, in the fi elds of meteorology
and atmospheric science. Environmental and Earth sciences then became a locus of
research, and climate change fi rst entered security discourse as a topic of environmental
protection. As the implications of climate change and its potential impact on water
resources, food production, diseases, infrastructure, and human migration came to
the attention of the security sector, this knowledge stimulated an internal discourse,
where each new document functioned both as a new securitization statement and as a
policy response to prior documents in a chain of discourse. Actors in this securitization
process included not only “speakers” making a securitization claim (knowledge claim)
and “audiences” that accept or reject a claim. Importantly, it also included actors who
were instrumental in translating knowledge between research and security sectors. This
brief consideration suggests that social science theories that center on practice are more
robust than those that center on discourse for interpreting the securitization of climate
change. Improved analytic frameworks need to better account for actors whose role is
to transfer and translate knowledge from one sector to another. 相似文献
This article seeks to contribute to debates about how regional arrangements construct and respond to threat agendas. It does so by using the literature on the concept of securitization to explore the processes through which the African Union (AU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have dealt with contemporary transnational challenges. After providing an overview of the Copenhagen School's (CS) understanding of securitization, we examine the main problems and limitations that emerge when attempting to apply the concept of securitization to regional arrangements in the developing world. The article explores in particular the extent to which the AU and ASEAN have securitized the transnational challenges on their agendas. We conclude that in both cases the impact of security culture as well as unresolved conceptual and methodological issues raise significant questions when seeking to apply securitization theory outside of Europe. 相似文献
This article focuses on the construction of “soldier” and “victim” by post-conflict programs in Sierra Leone. Focusing on the absence of individual testimonies and interviews that inform representations of women and girls post-conflict, this article demonstrates that the ideal of the female war victim has limited the ways in which female combatants are addressed by disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs in Sierra Leone. It is argued that titles given to female soldiers such as “females associated with the war,” “dependents,” or “camp followers” reveal the reluctance of reintegration agencies to identify females who participated in war as soldiers. In addition, I argue that men and masculinity are securitized post-conflict while women—even when they act in highly securitized roles such as soldiers—are desecuritized and, in effect, de-emphasized in post-conflict policy making. The impact of this categorization has been that the reintegration process for men has been securitized, or emphasized as an essential element of the transition from war to peace. In contrast, the reintegration process for females has been deemed a social concern and has been moralized as a return to normal. 相似文献
Emerging trends suggest a more inclusive and collaborative approach to addressing international infectious disease issues, but without an overarching governance structure and judicial forum in place, outcomes will remain suboptimal. This essay outlines and analyzes several initiatives currently underway and proposes a new comprehensive global governance structure for infectious disease. This proposed structure has built-in incentives for states—from both the developed and developing world—to meet their regulatory obligations and integrates the myriad non-state actors operating in this space, including NGOs and the private sector. It also incorporates an adjudicative body that is able to enforce compliance and resolve issues of contention. Lastly, this essay identifies innovative funding mechanisms and contemplates the venue best suited to host and administer this new global governance structure for infectious disease with a focus on UN-based models.
