Law Centres, Citizenship, and Participation

It's difficult to redirect things once we'd started up as a casework agency. It's difficult to keep casework under control. Cases can only be related to one another; if you justify taking on one case, it's difficult to avoid taking on similar cases. There is still not sufficient priority given to educational and community work. This is so because of the demands of [individual] casework … It's difficult to change approach from casework to educational and community work. (Lawyer at the Urban Community Law Centre)
From the beginning we have attempted to do work with people rather than for them. This has meant that wherever possible we have brought people with similar problems together so that they learn how to cope with different establishment bodies … more important, they realize they can exercise control over their own lives. Whether we help an individual deal with his or her own personal problem, or help a group of people get to grips with whatever is oppressing them, our main aim is to inculcate a practical philosophy of self-reliance. (Statement of aims of the Northern Neighbourhood Law Centre¹)     

International Law and Its Others

Netherlands International Law Review -     

The Law on Citizenship of the USSR

The new Law on USSR Citizenship, adopted by the USSR Supreme Soviet, December 1, 1978, is a notable contribution to carrying out the program of legislative activity deriving from the USSR Constitution of 1977. The issuance of such a law is envisaged directly in the Constitution, which reads: "The grounds and procedure for acquiring or forfeiting Soviet citizenship are defined by the Law on Citizenship of the USSR" (Article 33). The new law replaces the 1938 Law on USSR Citizenship. That law, consisting of only eight articles, no longer covers many questions of citizenship arising in practice at the present time. Various normative documents were adopted in addition thereto, including instructions by ministries and agencies regulating certain important relationships that should have been settled in law. In writing the new USSR Citizenship Law, the goal was to embrace all questions of citizenship requiring legislative regulation. The law reproduces the corresponding provisions of the USSR Constitution and gives consideration to provisions of the previously prevailing legislation on citizenship and to present practices in this regard. There are new provisions as well. The drafting of the bill was conducted on a broad democratic basis; participating were deputies to the USSR Supreme Soviet, the relevant ministries and agencies, the presidiums of supreme soviets of union republics, and representatives of the science of jurisprudence.     

海外华人与国籍法——国籍法的社会学分析

海外华人对中国历史上的国籍立法具有十分重要的影响 ,这种影响不仅体现在海外华人的要求与力量是推动国籍立法的一个主要原因 ,而且也体现在立法中为争取海外华人的认同、维护华侨的正当利益、发展正常国家间关系对血统主义原则的采用以及关于入籍与出籍的一些具体规定上。海外华人对国籍立法的影响也说明 ,法律源于社会 ,即一部法律制定的起因及其采用何种原则 ,主要是受当时社会形势的影响 ,而关于立法的知识则在其次。     

Juridification and the Construction of Social Citizenship

The article elaborates on the legal construction of citizenship within the welfare state. The concept of citizenship is constructed from the perspective of rights and is closely related to the legal development of various fields of law. Juridification processes in the welfare state directly concern the construction of social citizenship and indirectly affect both political and civil citizenship. Concentrating on juridification within the framework of the welfare state implies that the development of welfare law is the focal point of the article. To understand the implications of juridification processes in the welfare state, we concentrate on the relationship between social citizenship, on one hand, and political and civil citizenship, on the other, and consider the implications of the legal and institutional construction of social citizenship. Social rights may confine the scope of political and civil citizenship and at the same time enhance individual freedom and the extent of political action.     

对《刑法修正案(七)》(草案)三个条文的修改建议

在已公布的<刑法修正案(七>(草案)中,应取消现在的修正案(七)草案第二条第2款的内容,将第二条第2款在刑法第185条之一第2款的基础上进行修改.对(草案)第四条,继续沿用现在的方式以非法经营罪论处,用两高解释予以帮助.或者在<草案>第四条中增加列举传销形式.对第6条,将该条条文从刑法第253条之一变为第280条之一,列举式增加主体,增加单位犯罪和行为祥态,进一步明确保护对象,并明确本罪可以由过失构成.     

《劳动合同法》（草案）第8条的解构

一、问题的提出《劳动合同法》(草案)第8条规定用人单位与劳动者建立劳动关系、订立劳动合同时彼此互享信息知情权和互负告知义务,这是首次在劳动立法中承认劳动先合同义务,使处于订立阶段当事人的权益得到更好的保护,使劳动合同订立过程中的法律盲区得到补正,但仍存在一定的问     

Rules for Rights: European Law,Health Care and Social Citizenship

Social citizenship is about equality. The obvious problem for European social citizenship in a very diverse Union is that Member States will not be able or willing to bear the cost of establishing equal rights to health care and similar aspects of social citizenship. Health care is a particularly good case of this tension between EU citizenship and Member State diversity. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) strengthened the right to health care in other Member States, but this cannot create an equal right to health care when Member States are so different. In its efforts to balance a European right, the Court has formulated ‘rules for rights’—not so much European social citizenship rights, as a set of legal principles by which it judges the decisions of the Member States.     

On Law and Disagreement. Some Comments on "Interpretative Pluralism"

Abstract This paper focuses on the question: Do persisting disagreements in constitutional interpretation affect the legitimacy of “the democratic system as a whole”? According to both Michelman and Waldron, the epistemic indeterminacy of interpretation—that is, the fact that principles do not possess stable meanings beyond, and independent of, their application to concrete cases—puts its finger on a point of the contractualist and prevailing political theory. But, if neither the legitimacy of any democratic order nor the standard of internal criticism can be founded on a broad background consensus on constitutional essentials, “what else makes a deliberative process of legislation and adjudication a generator of legitimacy so that citizens are induced to accept controversial results as ‘worthy of respect’?” The route pursued goes beyond all views that require legitimacy to be based on sharing a set of “thick” ethical beliefs. In this perspective, the author argues that the performative meaning of constitution‐making “provides a thin yet sufficiently strong base,” which corresponds to the minimal requirements inherent in the very practice of framing a constitution.     

Some Reflections on the Relationship between Citizenship, Access to Justice, and the Reform of Legal Aid

The reflexive, reciprocally constitutive relationship between law and society makes a substantive right of access to justice pivotal to the content of citizenship. It is therefore arguable that the establishment of legal aid, however limited in practice, was fundamental to the expanded citizenship which the post-war settlement sought to achieve. However this social form of citizenship has been attenuated by the reconfiguration of the state and the neo-liberal reconstruction of the public sector. Yet at the same time, the concepts of citizenship and social exclusion have become key discursive mechanisms in this reconstruction, including in the New Labour reform of the legal aid sector. This paper considers the various meanings attributed to the concepts of citizenship, social exclusion, and access to justice through the optic of the history of policy changes in legal aid. The impact of globalization and economic restructuring on social citizenship is explored, both in terms of the experience of recipients of public goods like legal services, and the professionals who supply them. The commensurability of the New Labour Community Legal Service (CLS) model with other models of justice is discussed. The conclusion briefly returns to the theme of law's 'citizen-constitutive' role and considers the potential of the CLS for combating social exclusion.     

论准据法与"适当准据法"

本文阐述了准据法这一国际私法特有概念和专门用语的内涵,强调它是确定当事人权利义务的实体法规范所属国家的法律体系,是冲突规范所指定的、最终适用于涉外民商事法律关系的法律体系.本文还就现有的国际私法著述对英文the proper law的译法进行了评析,并指出:准据法这一国际私法术语本身就含有"适当的所适用的法律体系"的意义,故不宜夸大"适当准据法"的作用,也不宜照搬于中国国际私法.     

“枫桥经验”与中国特色的法治生成模式

“枫桥经验”具有丰富而独特内涵，包括组织的网络和工作机制的构建、格式化治理方式、标语口号等教化治理的传统、调解与感化的实践等。中国特色的法治建设模式与“枫桥经验”之间具有内生性、衍生性和共生性三方面的联系。因此，“枫桥经验”尽管存在一些需要从理论高度进一步总结的问题，但它有可能成为我们寻求中国未来独特民主和法治道路的一个契机。     

“买断工龄”的法律规制探讨

"买断工龄"是因企业改制或企业资产发生重大变化而导致的劳动关系的解除。其有劳动法的依据,但其规定过于笼统,从而导致"买断工龄"侵犯职工合法权益,有必要进行立法。在立法方面,应当针对包括国有企业在内的企业改制或企业资产发生重大变化而导致的劳动关系的解除进行规制,保证程序公正,赋予职工集体谈判权,把"买断工龄"争议纳入劳动仲裁和诉讼解决的轨道,加强政府责任。     

我国《行政诉讼法》修正初步设想（下）

(三)拓宽原告资格: “当代立法的趋势是放宽起诉资格的要求,使更多的人能对行政机关提起申诉,扩大公民对行政活动的监督和本身利益的维护。”我国行政诉讼制度的改革导向也应如此。 西方发达国家对原告资格的拓宽,主要是通过拓宽对个人权益的保护范围和创设对公共利益保护渠道两条主要途径进行的。前者大体经历了由“法定权利”标准向“法律上的利益”标准迈进的过程,甚至某些国家发展了“法律值得保护的利益”标准或“事实损害”标     

我国《行政诉讼法》修正初步设想（上）

我国行政诉讼制度始建于1982年《民事诉讼法(试行)》颁行之际,1989年现行《行政诉讼法》的颁布,标志着我国相对完整的行政诉讼制度基本形成。我国行政诉讼制度的构建虽然历史不长,但发展迅速,意义很大。《行政诉讼法》的实施,不仅有效保护了公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益,而且更为重要的是,其强有力地推动了我国行政法治化的进程。《国家赔偿法》、《行政处罚法》、《行政复议法》、《行政许可法》等规范政府行为的综合性法律的相继出台,和一批体现法治精神的单行法律、法规的制定和修订,《行政诉讼法》的影响可谓功不可没。     

"Training in Citizenship": Tax Compliance and Modernity

Do the attempts of modern states to foster tax compliance reflect wider attributes of modernity? This article analyzes the history of the creation of a tax compliance culture in Israel of the 1950s and the various practices, techniques, and discourses that were deployed by the state to create model taxpaying citizens. It shows how the specific history of tax compliance can be understood as part of a wider phenomenon: the desire of modern states to create self‐policing, normalized subjects. By interpreting the history of tax compliance critically, as part of the attempt of the state to control its citizens, the article suggests a new way of understanding the history of twentieth‐century tax compliance generally and more specifically the history of judicial attempts to tackle tax evasion and tax avoidance.     

法律职业技能及培养途径

法律职业技能是从事法律职业的人所应具备的与法律职业密切相关的能力、技术和方法的总称。它所涵盖的内容十分广泛,其中解决问题的技能、事实调查的技能和法律表达的技能之于法律职业尤为关键,法律职业技能的训练存在着不同的模式,本文所关注的是法学教育对法律职业技能培养的途径:课堂教学和非课堂教学即诊所教学对法律职业技能的意义。     

法治国家、法治政府与法治社会一体建设的途径

法治国家、法治政府与法治社会一体建设的重要途径就是必须全面推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法.