我国城市房屋拆迁中的法律问题解析

现行《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》将其定位为一种拆迁人与被拆迁人之间的民事关系,是存在合宪性争议的。同时,政府在城市房屋拆迁中并非处于＂配角＂的地位,政府应当对公民的私有财产权承担不作为义务和保护义务。由于我国的相关法律没有强调正当程序对财产权的保护,导致了拆迁权的滥用,激化了社会矛盾。     

我国城市房屋拆迁中政府职能的法律分析

在我国城市房屋拆迁中,政府职能存在越位、错位、缺位现象。形成这种现象的原因是政府的自利性、产权界定不清、法律规定不明。政府职能在公益性拆迁和商业性拆迁上是有所不同的,在公益性拆迁中,政府和被拆迁人是行政管理关系,和拆迁人是行政合同关系;在商业性拆迁中,应全面引入市场机制,政府地位中立,只行使监管职能即可。     

Constructing Hysteria: Legal Signals as Producers of Siting Conflicts Over Sexually Violent Predator Placements

Sexually violent predator (SVP) statutes define some sex offenders as dangerous enough to be segregated from society, but then require their release into local communities. This article examines how decision makers and community members interpret and respond to this inherent contradiction during disputes over SVP placements. The article departs from traditional moral panic explanations of reactions to sex offenders by linking literature on local siting conflicts to insights from legal mobilization studies in order to understand the origins and features of community opposition to sex offenders. Data from three case studies of SVP placements in California suggest that interpretations of what I call legal signals, or implicit messages embedded in state laws, produced these conflicts. The findings shed new light on the role of law in siting conflicts and collective action by explaining how state laws facilitate communities’ exclusion from siting decisions, encourage local opposition, and disempower already marginalized communities.     

法律人的社会责任--从公益法律诊所的设立谈起

本文从公益法律诊所的设立出发,探讨了诊所法律教育在中国丰富和拓展的一个方面,即如何在这个过程中正确认识和实现法律人的社会责任的问题。作者认为,公益法律诊所的实践让我们认识到,法律人的社会责任本身是一个在现实处境之下如何运用法律知识和法律人身份积极实现的过程。它需要法律人直面法律职业解决社会问题的优势和困难,而不是空谈道德呼唤。只有这样,才能找到法律人承担社会责任的方式和可能性。在这个意义上,本文对诊所法律教育、法律职业以及中国法治的前景,所采取的是一种务实和谨慎乐观的姿态。     

Trademarks as Sources of Market Power: Legal and Historical Encounters

Although the history of trademarks is well catalogued in various review articles and books in different jurisdictions, one particular missing link is whether trademarks are sources of market power—from a historical perspectives. This article addresses exactly that question, and presents some of the legal encounters that support the historical narrative that trademarks are sources of market power, by examining selected trademark cases—centuries apart in England and the United States. The overall purpose of these discussions is aimed at situating the law and policy of trademarks in the antitrust regime when significant historical trademark cases are brought into the equation and whether a prediction can be made that trademarks are increasingly heading into a clash with the antitrust regime.     

我国公益伦理何以需要法律维护

公益伦理的价值在于能增进人民的福祉,推动人类社会的可持续发展.基于公益救助的视角,遵循公益伦理的价值取向,同样能够深入公益伦理的核心.当前,我国公益救助面临诸多困境,正视这些困境,能深刻领会公益伦理应有的普世价值.实现现阶段公益伦理的应有价值,仅依靠道德自觉难以解决,必需借助法律维护的手段,以期最终实现道德自觉下的公益伦理.     

公益法人董事薪酬控制研究

公益法人的本质决定了对其董事薪酬实施控制的必要性。目前各国立法对董事薪酬的调整模式主要有三种类型：所有董事一律不得领取薪酬、可以获得相应报酬以及区分专兼职董事实施不同的薪酬政策。总的来看,董事领取合理报酬是董事薪酬立法的主要方向。合理薪酬的决定主体为公益法人权力机构,对于专职董事和兼职董事给予标准不同的薪酬,董事补偿并不必然受制于董事薪酬。     

Health and Safety at Home: Private and Public Responsibility for Unsatisfactory Housing Conditions

This paper reviews two legislative approaches intended to control housing conditions in the rented sector - the landlords' contractual obligations, and the powers of local authorities. The authors argue that the landlords' covenants are almost totally ineffective, and that it now rests on local authorities to protect the health and safety of tenants. Breaches of the implied covenants that houses should be fit and in repair will provide tenants with a legal action against their landlords. However, the tenant's standing is now so weak that these covenants fail to provide protection. The Housing Act 2004 introduced a regulatory framework based upon assessing the risks to the health and safety - the Housing Health and Safety Rating System (HHSRS) - giving local authorities tools to ensure that housing is as safe and health as possible.
The history of the regulation of housing conditions also reveals important insights into the nature of private and public regulation.     

Legal Accountability in the Service-Based Welfare State: Lessons from Child Welfare Reform

Current trends intensify the longstanding problem of how the rule of law should be institutionalized in the welfare state. Welfare programs are being redesigned to increase their capacities to adapt to rapidly changing conditions and to tailor their responses to diverse clienteles. These developments challenge the understanding of legal accountability developed in the Warren Court era. This article reports on an emerging model of accountable administration that strives to reconcile programmatic flexibility with rule-of-law values. The model has been developed in the reform of state child protective services systems, but it has potentially broad application to public law. It also has novel implications for such basic rule-of-law issues as the choice between rules and standards, the relation of bureaucratic and judicial control, the proper scope of judicial intervention into dysfunctional public agencies, and the justiciability of "positive" (or social and economic) rights.     

关于构建农村公益法律服务体系的探讨

建设社会主义新农村是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务,是新时期解决"三农"问题的重大战略举措。北京作为一个特大型的城市,虽然近几年第一产业占全市GDP的比例仅占1.3%左右,但"三农"工作在全市工作中一直占有十分重要的位置。市委市政府一再强调:首都的现代化起步在城区,实现在郊区;没有郊区的现代化,就没有整个北京的现代化。     

Responsibility Determination: Free Will and Legal Responsibility in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Free will is the foundation of determination of responsibility. Genetic enginnering represented by technologies of gene editing, artificial medical devices and AI have fundamentally challenged the concept of free will and so have significantly influenced determination of legal responsibility. These challenges are fundamental, not instrumental, and can be divided into two aspects in legal philosophy. First, the direct challenge, that is, the emerging technology represented by genetic engineering and artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) has challenged the concept of free will. Second the would-be ultimate challenge, that is, presented by an artificial general intelligence (AGI) agent that is considered to reach humanlevel free will, can be a legal subject, thus taking full legal responsibility. The direct challenge constitutes a new “forgiveness” condition for taking responsibility. The would-be ultimate challenge deserves significant attention, because the concept of free will is not only about human responsibility, but also about human dignity.     

安徽省法律援助政府责任落实情况诟研报告

一、法律援助政府责任落实及工作情况 （一）法律援助便民网络初具规模。近年来，安徽省各级司法行政机关在省委省政府及地方党委和政府的领导和支持下，大力加强法律援助机构和队伍建设，法律援助工作网络初步形成。2008年1月，省法律援助中心由全额拨款事业单位改为参公管理；2009年12月，     

Maintaining Stability by Law: Protest‐Supported Housing Demolition Litigation and Social Change in China

Housing demolition has been one of the major sources of social conflict in contemporary China. Drawing on evidence collected in fieldwork investigations, this article examines the pressure of protest‐supported housing demolition litigation and its impacts. It finds that under the pressure of litigation, the courts have devised coping mechanisms to constrain the housing demolition authorities, and that social change angling toward more transparency and accountability has occurred. The article argues that this change is made possible as the maintenance of social stability has become not only the paramount concern of the regime, but also the performance assessment criterion for local officials and judges. The findings deepen our understanding of the causes and consequences of judicial empowerment in China and shed light on the dynamics of judicial politics in other regimes.     

构建以法律职业为目标导向的法律人才培养模式——中国法律教育改革与发展研究报告

改革开放30年来,在依法治国方略的推动下,我国逐步建立起布局、结构层次比较完整和发达的法律人才培养体系,为建设法治和繁荣法学做出了贡献。但目前仍存在着法律人才培养的层次和结构、数量和质量不能适应或满足政法队伍建设的实际要求,特别是管理体制混乱等诸多矛盾和迫切需要解决的问题。要深化法律教育体制改革,必须立足我国的历史和现实,借鉴发达国家法律人才培养经验,建立以法律职业为目标导向的法律教育管理体制和法律人才培养模式,即强化政法机关对法律教育的指导和管理职能;建立以五所政法大学和若干著名大学法学院为主干的国家级政法人才培养基地;建立学术型和职业型法律人才分类培养管理机制和基本统一的法律人才培养模式;建立二段式司法考试模式并完善考试通过之后的职业培训制度;优化全国法科学科专业布局。     

论非法证据排除规则中口供合法性的证明责任

我国刑事诉讼的证明对象是犯罪构成要件事实,对犯罪构成要件事实的证明由控诉方承担证明责任,被告方只承担提供证据责任;口供的合法性是犯罪构成事实附带的“争执中的事实”,我国犯罪构成的封闭型结构决定了控诉方应当对此承担证明责任;犯罪构成事实的证明责任分配不仅决定着非法证据排除规则的证明责任分配,犯罪构成事实的证明标准还决定了非法证据排除规则的证明标准,控诉方对口供具备合法性的证明应当达到排除合理怀疑的程度。     

Distributing Responsibility for Wrongdoing Inside Corporate Hierarchies: Public Judgments in Three Societies

The decision rules individuals use to judge wrongdoing committed inside corporations and other hierarchical organizations are not well understood. We explore this issue by asking random samples of individuals in Moscow, Tokyo, and Washington, D. C., to respond to four short vignettes describing acts of wrongdoing by people in corporations. The vignettes are experiments that manipulate the actor's mental state, the actor's position in the organization, and whether the actor's decision was influenced by others in the organization. We examine (1) the distribution of responsibility among people in the organization, (2) how individual responsibility affects the attribution of responsibility to the organization itself, and (3) cross-national differences in attributions. We find that both what the actors did (their deeds) and the position they occupied (their roles) significantly influence the responsibility attributed to them. The responsibility attributed to the organizations themselves is a function of the responsibility attributed to the actors inside the organization, but not a function of the independent variables in the experiments. Cross-national differences emerge with respect to the responsibility assigned both to individuals and to the organizations themselves. We discuss implications of these results for past and future work.     

Legal Compliance in Street‐Level Bureaucracy: A Study of UK Housing Officers

Street‐level bureaucratic theory is now at a fairly mature stage. The focus on street‐level bureaucrats as ultimate policymakers is now as familiar as it is important. Likewise, the parallel sociolegal study of the implementation of public law in public organizations has demonstrated the inevitable gap between law‐in‐the‐books and law‐in‐action. Yet, the success of these advances comes at the potential cost of us losing sight of the importance of law itself. This article analyzes some empirical data on the decision making about one legal concept—vulnerability in UK homelessness law. Our analysis offers two main contributions. First, we argue that, when it comes to the implementation of law, the legal abilities and propensities of the bureaucrats must be taken into account. Bureaucrats' abilities to understand legal materials make a difference to the likelihood of legal compliance. Second, we must also pay attention to the character of the legal provisions. Where a provision is simple, it is more likely to facilitate legal knowledge and demands nothing of bureaucrats in terms of legal competence. Where the provision is also inoffensive and liveable, it is less likely to act as an impediment to legal conscientiousness.     

论动物福利立法的限度及其定位——兼谈动物福利立法中动物的法律地位

从道德和道德法律化的角度看,给予动物福利其实就是科加人对动物的道德义务,而动物福利立法的实质便是把这种道德义务上升为法律义务,即实现动物道德的法律化。不过,动物并未就此获得法律主体地位,它只是一种"物格"弱于一般客体物的"准物"而已。由于道德法律化是有条件的,动物福利立法也应有限度,只有那些获得社会普遍认同和共同遵守的基本动物道德,才可通过立法程序上升为法律规范。对此,我们可用"利益关系分析法"和"利益层次分析法"来大致界定"基本动物道德"的范围;用自卫原则、对称原则、最少损害原则、分配正义原则以及补偿正义原则,来对动物福利立法进行较明确的定位,以妥善处理动物福利和人的利益的关系。