关于期待可能性几个问题的思考

“期待可能性”理论基于其普遍的合理性 ,已成为大陆法系解决刑事责任问题的重要学说。该理论有独特的基本概念与发展过程。其判断标准应以行为当时的具体情况、行为人是否有实施适法行为的可能为标准。其适用范围除了过失犯外 ,对故意犯应采取必要限制。虽然我国刑法一些条款体现了该理论思想 ,但还存在缺陷。从刑法的谦抑性和维护法制的严肃性相统一的观点出发 ,应进一步完善我国刑事政策和法律     

期待可能性理论的法理学分析

在大陆法系的三阶段犯罪论体系中,期待可能性被认为属于责任论领域的问题,没有期待可能性就没有刑事责任。对期待可能性的法理学分析必须超越刑法学的问题域。期待可能性问题与各种责任本质理论并无直接的必然的联系,期待可能性是义务性规范的立法要求,在刑事司法的定罪过程中,不允许司法者直接考量期待可能性问题,坚持形式合理优先。     

期待可能性理论初探

自20世纪以来,期待可能性理论一直在大陆法系国家占有重要的一席之地。时至今日,这一理论的影响逐渐跨越了国界,我国的刑法学者也已有人开始涉足研究,并提出了很多有价值的主张。我国现行刑事立法中蕴含着期待可能性的思想,但是期待可能性理论与我国现有的犯罪构成理论是无法完全契合的。必须合理地对待、运用期待可能性理论,才能使之对我国刑法产生积极的意义。     

“期待可能性”理论新探——从刑法导向观变革视阈

期待可能性理论是刑事古典学派与刑事近代学派联姻的"混血儿",其兴、衰的原因同两个学派的变迁直接相关。期待可能性理论从以往只重视考察行为人的行为,转变为在考察行为的同时重点考察行为人,这是期待可能性理论的精华之所在。"期待可能性"的判断根据,应当是行为人的人格类型;"期待可能性"的未来命运,是在保留其精华的同时,用"犯罪危险性人格"取代"期待可能性"名称。     

论期待可能性理论的合理性——基于言伴语境理论的考察

只有在特定语境下才能达成对文本的理解和解释，言伴语境对意义生成具有重要作用。法律解释的言伴语境是当下案件事实。法官处理案件时在其前见的指引下根据法律规定选择、建构案件事实，根据案件事实赋予法律文本以语用意义，并且在语境和文本、案件事实和法律文本之间的多次循环往复中实现解释者和文本的视域融合，使法律文本的意义不断丰富和完善。刑法未规定期待可能性，但对其适用体现了言伴语境对文本意义的作用，因而其存在具有合理性。适用该理论不会打破法律的安定性和灵活性之间的平衡，法官因此而行使自由裁量权不违背现代法治精神。     

公法契约的可能性

私法中所谓"意思自治"和"契约自由原则"一般得到认可,只要不违反公序良俗以及与公共秩序相关的所谓强行规定,当事者可以自由地缔结任何契约.与此相反,公法关系一般由国家立法来规定,同时与私法中原则上是任意规定不同,这些规定是与公益相关的强行规定,任何人不得以意志自由作出与之相反的决定.公法关系正好与私法关系相反,契约不自由是原则,只有在法律特别规定的时候,才能用当事者的契约来规定公法关系,这是通说.但是,如果严格贯彻此理论的话,即没有法律的明文规定公法契约就不得有效成立,那么就与实际要求发生深刻的矛盾,这样种种缓和的理论就产生了.现在我想通过批判二、三种典型的见解来考察私法契约与公法契约间是否存在根本的对立,公法契约在怎样的限度内是可能的.     

The effect of lethal electrical shock on postmortem serum myoglobin concentrations

Postmortem serum myoglobin concentrations in blood from the femoral vein (peripheral withdrawal) and the heart (central withdrawal) of nine electrical fatalities were compared with those of 74 individuals who had died of other causes. Independent of the cause of death or topographical site, serum myoglobin concentrations rose dramatically with the passage of postmortem time (maximum concentrations in the control group: 975,100 micrograms/l). In 59% of the total sample (electrical fatalities plus controls), serum myoglobin concentrations were higher in the central blood, in the other 41% the concentrations were higher in the peripheral blood. The differences in concentrations between the peripheral and the central withdrawal area correlated with neither the postmortem interval nor the cause of death. Up to the second day postmortem there was a statistically significant difference in serum myoglobin concentrations between electrical fatalities and controls. The individual values within each group, however, varied widely and overlapped between groups. Controls who had also suffered muscle injury (polytrauma, myocardial infarction) did not have significantly higher serum myoglobin concentrations than controls without muscle injury. Myoglobin concentrations appear to be greatly influenced by the extent and duration of the muscle cramps induced by the electrical current. Correct interpretation of serum myoglobin concentrations depends on the knowledge of events surrounding the lethal electrical shock. Postmortem determination of serum myoglobin concentrations alone is, therefore, not sufficient to establish intravital exposure to electrical current and can aid the diagnosis only in special cases.     

行政自制的可能性分析

行政自制是指行政主体自发地约束其所实施的行政行为,使其行政权在合法合理的范围内运行的一种自主行为,即行政主体对自身违法或不当行为的自我控制。在现代政府理念和行为方式之下,惠民理念的兴起、行政权的规范行使、行政主体和行政方式的多元化趋势等为行政自制的实现提供了充分的现实可能性。     

论非法证据排除规则的两种立法模式

本文通过对英美两国有关非法证据排除规则的发展历史及其具体法律规定的考察,归纳出非法证据排除规则的两种立法模式:强制排除模式和裁量排除模式,并在总结其他国家的立法经验和教训的基础上,提出在我国确立非法证据排除规则应采取裁量排除的立法模式.     

Open texture and the Possibility of Legal Interpretation

Law and Philosophy -     

试论实质性解决行政纠纷的可能性

中国的行政审判经过多年的发展走到今天,在理论上取得了一定成就,但在制度层面却暴露了越来越多的问题,不能在最终意义上实质性解决行政纠纷尤为严重。因此,现行的行政审判制度面临着重新检视过去所建立的行政审判目标是否与实际运行中所需要的行政审判制度相适应的问题。从我国现行行政审判制度及其存在的理论根基的矛盾出发,通过探究我国当前建立行政审判制度目标的背景,证明以实质性解决纠纷作为我国行政审判制度的目标具有现实可能性。     

期待可能性理论初探

期待可能性是指根据行为时的具体情况,能够期待行为人实施合法行为的可能性。期待可能性理论有其人性基础,体现了刑法的谦抑。期待可能性在犯罪论中的地位应置于责任论中,责任能力、违法性的意识的可能性和期待可能性都是责任要素。期待可能性理论的引进,可以使我国刑法理论中的许多问题得到合理的解释,对刑事司法的指导意义也是明显的。     

试论道路交通事故责任量化的可能性

道路交通事故责任是追究当事人法律责任的依据。鉴于目前交通事故责任在认定和划分上都存在一定的缺陷，有必要对其进行近一步的完善。     

期待可能性原理研究

期待可能性原理起源于19世纪的德国。其理论在大陆法系国家和地区的刑法理论中占了重要的地位，并影响刑事立法和司法实践。我国刑法理论对期待可能性原理的研究并不很多，期待可能性仍是我国刑法理论的一个较为陌生的概念。     

赔礼道歉的法律化:何以可能及如何实践

赔礼道歉的法律化对于防止市场规则在市民法中的过渡膨胀,从而造成民法去道德化的恶果实属必要。法律化的赔礼道歉之强制力主要源于心理和社会层面。强制的赔礼道歉是法律责任和社会诉求的共生物。强制侵权人进行赔礼道歉并非简单的报复行为,而是一种具有人道性质、深富道德建设意蕴的对越轨行为的矫正方法。作为责任承担方式的赔礼道歉,在内容上应有其形式的规定。在诉讼外的赔礼道歉不构成自认,在诉讼中的赔礼道歉可以作为减轻侵权人责任的考虑因素。     

Post-motivational Progression and the Possibility of Aborting Protracted Crime

The idea for this article emerged from a cursory examination of the National Crime Victimization Survey (US Department of Justice, 1997–2004). Unbeknownst to the authors (and possibly to most of the readers) is a trend confirming that about 2/3 of all violent crimes in the United States end up as attempted crimes, as opposed to completed crimes. Equally intriguing is that international crime figures confirm, almost exactly, the US Survey statistics. If these figures are accurate, then criminologists and crime control agents should ask the question: if 2/3 of all violent crimes fail to materialize—for whatever reason—under their own weight, why cannot criminologists and crime control agents in the future develop a clinical competency that can exploit this failure and further reduce the completion rate of violent crime to technically zero? If that can be accomplished, then violent crimes can theoretically be aborted. Such a futuristic design should not be considered farfetched in light of the current advancements in today’s technology, including the military practice of laser-bombing a car speeding on the road several miles below, or the on going military testing of “shooting a missile with a missile”. This article focuses on the undiscovered, yet enormous, role of post-motivational criminology, which—when the desired clinical competency is developed—can literally change the trajectory of violent crimes and possibly abort them in progress. While this article cannot promise answers for the next decades, it can, at least, stimulate the criminological community to think beyond its traditional boundaries and to engage in quantum research consortiums that can study the dynamics of post-motivational progressions and eventually resolve why some bullets miss or can intentionally be made not to hit.     

Defending the Possibility of a Neutral Functional Theory of Law

I argue that there is methodological space for a functionalexplanation of the nature of law that does not commit the theoristto a view about the value of that function for society, norwhether law is the best means of accomplishing it. A functionalexplanation will nonetheless provide a conceptual frameworkfor a better understanding of the nature of law. First I examinethe proper role for function in a theory of law and then arguefor the possibility of a neutral functional theory, addressingissues raised by Leslie Green, Stephen Perry, Michael Mooreand John Finnis.     

期待可能性理论的继承与批判

期待可能性理论在许多大陆法系国家或地区的刑法理论里占有相当重要的地位 ,并在刑事立法和司法中得以承认和采纳。近年来 ,我国刑法学界已有人开始涉足这一理论 ,但是 ,其诸多主张颇值商榷。本文简要地介绍了期待可能性理论的基本内容 ,并对这一理论进行了全面而深入的评价。文章提出 ,我国刑法应批判地继承期待可能性理论 ,不能盲目扩大期待可能性理论的适用范围。