新加坡的外交原则及其对华政策(1990-2010)

本文从新加坡的外交文献及外交行为等方面探析新加坡的外交原则,并以过去20年的一些外交事件为案例,分析这些外交原则如何体现其对华政策.本文通过研究认为,新加坡对中国的外交立场主要由其现实主义的视角对世界动态的衡量所决定.新加坡因其有限的地理条件和资源短缺等制约因素,采取务实外交策略.在长期的外交实践中,新加坡制定了以小国生存为主要目标的对外战略,在与中国这个大国的外交关系中,以保持区域稳定与将本国利益最大化为终极目标.     

China’s Contemporary Political Leadership,Foreign Policy,and Their Chineseness

There have been several profound features embedded in the contemporary Chinese political leadership, all having their roots in the Chinese centuries-long traditions or the modern/contemporary creative practice, together with their shaping impacts upon China’s foreign policy or remarkable reflections in her external behavior. They are: reforms inherently differentiated; central idea of “maintenance”, notion of “biological circle governing universe”, paradox in the question of equality, the emphasis on morality, overwhelmingly domestic function of foreign policy, firm belief in the Chineseness per sue and its overwhelming importance, and political prudence in the perennial context of “Strong China, Weak China.” China is facing enormous domestic historical challenges and substantial international pressure, while a generally peaceful China can be assured at least from her self-regarding realistic perspective.     

Nigeria in African Affairs: Hegemonic and Altruistic Considerations

Commitment to Africa has become a permanent policy of the Nigerian state. Yet, critics have expressed reservations about the worthiness of the policy. While their arguments appear strong, they do not provide adequate grounds to justify a reconsideration of the policy. Nigeria’s quest for dominance has always informed the country’s designation of Africa as a primary sphere of interest. To achieve this goal, altruism has become a defining attribute of Nigeria’s African diplomacy, thereby validating the theoretical overlap between hegemony and altruism. If Nigeria’s altruistic and subtle diplomacy has failed to translate into diplomatic ascendance in Africa as some observers have argued, then it is not because the policy is ignoble; the problem lies elsewhere. The paper contends that the question has more to do with the manner in which Nigeria has managed the domestic environment of its African policy over the years. Relying on data generated through the secondary method and key-informant interview, as well as the interpretive method of qualitative data analysis, this piece examines the planks upon which the policy is built, explains the complexities involved in its pursuit, and then constructs arguments in favour of the policy.