韩国跨国公司对华投资特点与趋势

韩国对华直接投资始于1978年中国实施改革开放政策之后。20世纪80年代中期前，由于韩国政府保持广泛的资本控制制度，韩国跨国公司对外直接投资发展较慢。80年代中后期，韩国政府逐渐放松对外直接投资控制，韩国跨国公司的对外直接投资才迅速发展，加之中韩两国1992年才建立外交关系，所以，韩国与其他国家和地区相比，在对华直接投资方面属于起步较晚的国家。     

中、日、韩对外直接投资比较研究

目前,中国已经实现了从单向引资国到双向投资高水平均衡发展国的重大转变。日本、韩国对外直接投资的经验对中国具有重要的借鉴意义。通过对中、日、韩三国对外直接投资的规模、流向、行业结构等展开的比较分析,可以得出下列结论:一是国家的对外直接投资与其自身所处的发展阶段和发展水平存在密切关系;二是随着经济的发展和产业结构调整,未来中国对外直接投资也将越来越多地流向经济发达国家和地区,流向自身的优势产业部门;三是中国与日本、韩国在对外直接投资方面的互补性高于竞争性,投资合作具有巨大发展空间。     

韩国、台湾的对外直接投资模式

韩国、台湾的对外直接投资模式〔日〕高龙秀自６０年代后半期起，在发展中国家中也出现了若干开展对外直接投资的国家。以前对外直接投资都是由发达国家承担的，现在发展中国家也开始进行对外直接投资。许多学者对这一新的现象进行研究，其中有代表性的是捷尼亚所著的Ｔｈ...     

日本对中国和东盟直接投资的动向与展望

一.日本对外直接投资概观 根据日本财务省公布的“日本对各国、各地区的直接投资实绩”,2000年度日本对外直接投资总额为4.4175万亿日元。就日本投资各大洲的情况来看,欧洲在1998年以后连续5年成为日本最大的投资对象(图1)。第二位除了2001年度的中南美之外,其余年度均由北美占据。亚洲的比率不怎么高。 图1 日本对外直接投资(各大洲) (亿日元) 就1998年度以后日本对中国和东盟的直接投资来看,对东盟5国(原成员国新加坡、泰国、菲律宾、印尼、马来西亚)的投资每年都多于对中国的投资(图2)。但是,1999年以后,对中直…     

俄罗斯企业走向全球化：现状与前景

对外直接投资的迅速增长是现阶段俄罗斯经济发展的一个显著态势。俄罗斯企业通过多方位对外投资，扩大了自身在全球经济中的影响。世界经济形势对俄罗斯企业对外投资是有利的。俄罗斯政府不断加强对企业境外投资的支持力度，并开始发挥一定作用。因此，在不远的将来，俄罗斯企业对外直接投资有望实现新的迅速增长。     

外国对东盟国家服务业的直接投资

本文主要论及的是东盟五国,即新加坡、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、泰国和菲律宾。服务业的对外直接投资,是国际服务贸易的主体部分,即由供给国(生产者)直接投资、在市场开放的需求国或东道国设立服务企业(即以“商业存在”形式),消费者无需外汇支出而在境内消费外商企业提供的服务。联合国贸发会议公布的《2004年世界投资报告》认为,外国直接投资的结构已转向服务业。1970年初,该部门仅占全世界外国直接投资存量的四分之一;1990年这一比例占不到一半;而2002年,它已上升到约60%,估计为4万亿美元。在东盟国家,服务业在外国直接投资中的地位随着时…     

日本对外直接投资现状及其发展趋势

90年代以来，由于泡沫经济崩溃及长期经济停滞，日本对外直接投资在大幅度下降之后一直处于曲折回升的状态。当前日本对外直接投资的主要特点是：投资再次集中于发达国家；制造业投资大幅度增加；跨国购并成为投资的主要内容和基本方式；经由第三国的投资增加等。从整体看，今后日本对外直接投资有进一步重新扩大的趋势。促进日本对外直接投资重新扩大的有利因素主要是：日本经济有走向复苏的希望：日本仍有资本输出的能力：经济结构的继续调整等。     

中国与越南的外国直接投资的比较

改革开放以来中越都成功地吸引了大量外国直接投资。伴随着外国资本、技术和管理经验的流入推动了两国经济的发展。本文对中越两国直接投资的现状与趋势、投资环境和外资政策进行了比较 ,分析了决定两国外资流动的主要因素和外国投资对两国宏观经济的影响。     

中国在拉美的直接投资对中拉双边贸易的影响

对外直接投资和贸易是拉动一国经济发展的两个重要因素。21世纪以来,中国和拉美地区的经济往来显著加强,主要体现在投资和贸易两个方面。中国对拉美地区直接投资的特点体现为增速快、存量小、覆盖面在提高、内部方差在增加以及实业投资相对不足;中国与拉美地区双边贸易的特点体现为发展速度较快、贸易伙伴集中以及商品种类明确。本文分析了中拉之间投资与贸易的现状,提出中国对拉美的直接投资是否促进了双边贸易的问题。通过对现有文献研究进行详细梳理,并结合2003—2014年中国与拉美8国的双边贸易和直接投资数据,采用面板模型对中拉在直接投资和贸易方面的关系进行实证分析。结论表明,中国对拉美的直接投资短期内对中拉贸易量没有显著影响,但从长期来看,直接投资会促进中国从拉美的进口,但会抑制中国对拉美的出口。结合上述研究结论与现阶段发展形势,本文从实体产业和虚拟服务业、微观监管和宏观法律制定等角度提出旨在促进中拉之间投资和贸易良性互动的政策建议。     

泰国与中国相互直接投资的现状与展望

泰国与中国相互直接投资．是1975年7月1日两国建交后新兴起来的，是两国经济关系的一个重要方面。一、泰国在华投资吸收境外直接投资是中国改革开放的重要举措，泰国是较早到中国投资的国家。随着中国对外开放不断扩大，开放程度不断提高，泰国对中国直接投资的数量和质量也在增加和提高。从泰国对中国投资地域的扩展来看，最初主要投资于中国的经济特区，接着扩大到沿海经济开放地区，后来又伸延到沿江、沿边以及内陆省会城市，目前已遍及中国二十来个省、自治区和直辖市。近年来中国吸引外资的政策和基础设施建设开始对中西部地区倾斜，泰…     

Conditional on Conditionality: IMF Program Design and Foreign Direct Investment

The article explores how International Monetary Fund (IMF) program design influences foreign direct investment inflows. The author argues that stricter IMF conditionality signals a program-participating government's commitment to economic reforms, as it incurs larger ex ante political cost and risks greater ex post political cost. Thus, the catalytic effect of an IMF program is conditional on conditionality: programs with stricter conditions catalyze more foreign direct investment than those with less stringent conditions. Empirical analysis of the IMF conditionality dataset supports the argument and shows that after accounting for IMF program participation, the more structural conditions included in an IMF program, the more foreign direct investment flows into the country.     

越南外商直接投资的特点及其对经济增长的影响

从20世纪80年代后期开始,越南开始推行经济体制改革,鼓励外商投资者到越南投资.由于越南丰富的劳动力资源和良好的社会环境,越南经济增长很快,良好的经济基本面吸引了大量外商直接投资,而外商直接投资在越南经济增长中也发挥了重要作用.     

印度跨国公司对外直接投资的SWOT分析

随着经济全球化的加深,越来越多的印度跨国公司参与对外直接投资,进行跨国经营并取得令人注目的成就。作为来自于发展中国家的跨国公司,印度企业对外投资有其自身的优势和劣势,也面临外部的机遇和威胁。文章运用SWOT分析方法,通过对上述四个方面的分析,总结出印度跨国公司对外直接投资时一些有效的、可供借鉴的策略。     

Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries

This study examines the relationship between foreign economic capital and the level of government respect for two types of human rights in developing countries. Two opposing schools of thought offer explanations as to what this relationship might be like. According to the liberal neoclassical school, the acceptance of liberal economic doctrine will provide positive political benefits to developing countries. The "dependency" school, on the other hand, argues that because ties between core and periphery elites give governments in developing nations an incentive to repress, human rights conditions will worsen as foreign economic penetration increases. The results of previous empirical queries into this matter have been mixed. In contrast to most studies, we focus on a broader measure of foreign economic capital, including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, debt, and official development assistance. Using ordered logit analysis on a cross-national sample of forty-three developing countries from 1981 to 1995, we discover systematic evidence of an association between foreign economic penetration and government respect for two types of human rights, physical integrity rights and political rights and civil liberties. Of particular interest is the finding that both foreign direct investment and portfolio investment are reliably associated with increased government respect for human rights.     

China’s direct investment in the European Union: a new regulatory challenge?

While China is fast becoming an important outward direct investor, its companies are showing an increasing interest to locate in Europe and the European Union (EU). It has been suggested that this can partly be explained by the more lenient attitude of the European countries compared to the US, where some acquisitions were abandoned when they ran into political opposition based on security concerns. Yet, also in Europe, the media follow rather closely each new Chinese entry, and certain politicians have started to criticise the take-over of technology-oriented companies, especially by Chinese state-owned firms. Against the background of a very open foreign direct investment (FDI) policy as measured by OECD FDI Restrictiveness Index for the EU and the individual countries, an overview is given of the pre- and post-establishment obstacles to direct foreign investment. Also, the EU policy measures that directly or indirectly deal with incoming direct investment are discussed. Within the context of the EU competition policy and the merger regulation, the EU Commission has cleared five cases of take-over by Chinese state-owned enterprises. Although the Lisbon Treaty authorises the EU Commission to take charge of investment policy as part of the EU commercial policy, it will take time to realise this. If the announced negotiations about an investment treaty between China and the EU could work out the necessary balance, it would be an important step in achieving more reciprocity between their respective investment regimes.     

Variation in Bilateral Investment Treaty Provisions and Foreign Direct Investment Flows to China, 1997–2011

This article examines the differentisal effects of specific provisions included in China’s bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in inducing foreign direct investment (FDI). Empirical analysis yields some evidence suggesting that while the signing of a BIT does not necessarily boost FDI, the entry into force of a BIT does exert a strong effect on investment flows. More importantly, we find substantial evidence that BITs with stronger investment protection provisions such as absolute and relative standards of treatment and dispute settlement procedures are more likely to induce greater FDI flows. These results suggest that the variation in the institutional design of bilateral investment treaties strongly influences FDI flows by shaping foreign investors’ expectations of their asset security and the overall stability of the host country investment environment.     

日本在亚太发展中地区直接投资的变化与趋势

近年来,日本对外直接投资不断发展。作为日本的对外投资的重要地区,亚洲发展中地区的日资不论在投资规模,还是投资结构均发生了一系列变化。进入21世纪,日本在亚洲地区选择了中国作为其海外投资的重点。本文拟就近年日本在亚洲发展中地区直接投资的变化与趋势作一分析。     

Credibility and Flexibility: Political Institutions,Governance, and Foreign Direct Investment

This article argues that the relationship between political institutions and foreign direct investment is both nonlinear and conditional upon status quo policies. The empirical analysis demonstrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between political institutions and foreign direct investment in developing countries, with four veto players being the most attractive institutional arrangement. Countries with too few or too many veto players are not favored because of either high policy uncertainty or high policy rigidity. In addition, the benefits and costs of credibility and flexibility vary in good times and hard times. The benefits of maintaining status quo tend to outweigh the costs in countries with good initial regulatory environment. The costs of maintaining status quo tend to outweigh the benefits when countries are more vulnerable to exogenous shocks.     

Changing Turkish foreign policy towards Iraq: new tools of engagement

This article proposes that Turkey's foreign policy towards Iraq changed radically after 2007, in response to external challenges and domestic developments. The article analyses how Turkey's role in Iraq has changed on two different levels: firstly, in terms of increased activism and diplomatic engagement, and secondly, in terms of its increased economic involvement, using trade and foreign direct investment as foreign policy tools. These two different modes of engagement have transformed Turkey into a visible player in Iraq.     

Arms Production in the Global Village: Options for Adapting to Defense-Industrial Globalization

Few issues are more important to international relations scholars than understanding how globalization is shaping the production of armaments. Within this context, this article examines both whether and how small and medium states can maintain defense-industrial bases capable of contributing to their national security. To preview the conclusion, although defense-industrial self-sufficiency has become an illusion for most states, even small and medium states can develop defense-industrial capabilities that enhance both their ability to autonomously employ their armed forces and secure access to foreign armaments. Moreover, governments possess a range of options for achieving these objectives, including a fundamental choice between accepting foreign direct investment and pursuing unrestrained arms exports. Governments unwilling to sanction foreign ownership of their defense industries can have recourse to unrestricted exports; alternatively, states uncomfortable with liberal exports can encourage foreign direct investment. With this in mind, a lasting diversity is likely to persist in even similarly endowed states’ defense industries and defense-industrial policies.