乙醇-乌头碱致心律失常的毒理分子机制研究进展

乌头属植物是广泛使用的中草药代表之一,乌头碱是其中最主要的毒性成分,主要引起多种心律失常而致死。急性乙醇摄入也可引起心律失常。法医学实践中常遇到乌头类药酒引起的中毒案例。这两者的心肌毒性分子机制有较多共通点,均对心肌细胞膜钠通道、钙通道及钾通道等产生影响。本文通过综述近年来乙醇、乌头碱心脏毒性机制的研究报道,分析讨论乙醇-乌头碱可能共同影响的心肌细胞通道蛋白,为联合中毒致心律失常的分子机制研究提供思路与参考。     

有毒植物博落回的法医毒理学研究进展

有毒植物博落回全草有毒,主要含有血根碱、白屈菜红碱等生物碱,具有药用价值,但使用不当或误服可导致中毒甚至死亡。本文通过系统查阅和总结相关文献报道,从化学成分,毒性损伤作用,中毒剂量,相关案例中毒症状或尸体检验和毒物检测等方面对博落回的法医毒理学研究进展进行综述,展望了多组学技术在博落回毒性损伤机制研究中的应用前景,以期为有毒植物博落回的法医毒理学研究指明新方向,为博落回中毒案件的法医学鉴定提供参考。     

乌头中剧毒生物碱的提取分离

目的从乌头属植物中提取分离剧毒生物碱乌头碱、中乌头碱、次乌头碱;方法酸性水溶液提取,碱化后中性氧化铝柱层析,IR、EI-MS确认结构;结果利用该方法提取以上3种生物碱得到的回收率与碱性苯溶液法相似。结论该方法所用试剂成本低、毒性小,适用于制备乌头碱、中乌头碱、次乌头碱对照品。     

生物检材中乌头碱的LC-MS/MS快速分析

目的应用高效液相色谱-质谱法对生物检材中乌头生物碱等有毒成分进行快速分析。方法取全血样品经乙腈-甲醇(5:1 v/v)提取,使用Agilent Zorbax SB C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(60:40 v/v)为流动相等度洗脱。在多反应监测模式下测定全血样品中乌头生物碱等有毒成分。结果乌头碱、次乌头碱和中乌头碱的保留时间为0.73 min、0.77 min和0.63 min;用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 646.4→586.4(乌头碱)、616.1→556.5(次乌头碱)和632.4→572.1(中乌头碱)。乌头碱在0.1~250 ng/m L内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9987,最低检出限0.1ng/m L,精密度考查其变异系数(CV)5.42%(n=6),血液中乌头碱提取回收率不小于90%。结论本文建立的高效液相色谱-质谱法快速、简便、灵敏,适用于天然药毒物检验。     

药酒中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的LC/MS/MS分析

目的应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对涉案药酒中有毒成分乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱快速定量分析。方法样品过膜后用乙腈稀释500倍,使用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEN C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-10 mmol/L碳酸氢铵溶液(pH=10)为流动相梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式下测定涉案药酒中乌头生物碱的含量。设定方法下乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的保留时间分别为5.10 min、5.64 min、4.58 min,用于定量分析的离子对(m/z)分别为646.6-586.6、616.6-556.6、632.7-572.6。在1~200 ng/mL内,乌头碱线性回归方程为Y=343.8X+38901(R2=0.9995);在100~1000 ng/mL内,次乌头碱线性回归方程为Y=3.817X-357.579(R2=0.9991);在0.5~10 ng/mL内,新乌头碱线性回归方程为Y=719.562X+128.748(R~2=0.9995)。用此方法检测出涉案药酒中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱含量分别为71.85,415.86,1.49μg/mL。结论建立的高效液相色谱-质谱法可用于药酒中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的快速测定。     

体内痕量乌头碱的高相液相色谱测定

<正> 乌头碱是乌头属植物中所含的二萜双酯型生物碱类中的一种,成人口服纯品致死量仅约5mg,由乌头属植物引起的中毒与死亡屡见报导但一直缺乏较好的检测方法,使中毒后体内乌头碱分布与分解规律的研究难以进行,也给这类中毒案件的法医学鉴定带来一定困难。近年来应用HPLC分离检测生药中乌头碱类生物碱的方法已有报导。本文应用HPLC     

乙醇与乌头碱联合染毒对大鼠心肌细胞RYR2的影响

目的研究不同浓度乙醇与乌头碱联合染毒对大鼠心室肌细胞RYR~2蛋白表达的影响。方法用优化的方法进行新生大鼠心室肌细胞原代培养,设置4组实验组,分别为A、B、C、D组,即分别用1μmol/L乌头碱、5mmol/L乙醇+1μmol/L乌头碱、50mmol/L乙醇+1μmol/L乌头碱以及100mmol/L乙醇+1μmol/L乌头碱进行染毒,同时设立对照组(E组)。染毒1h后,用Western blot技术检测RYR~2蛋白含量,重复实验,将对所得数据进行统计分析。结果 1μmol/L乌头碱作用1h,使培养的大鼠心肌细胞RYR~2蛋白量增加;5mmol/L乙醇、50mmol/L乙醇分别与乌头碱联合染毒组中RYR~2蛋白表达量均较单独乌头碱染毒组低;100mmol/L乙醇-乌头碱联合染毒组RYR~2蛋白量与单独乌头碱染毒组相较未见明显差异。结论乙醇-乌头碱联合染毒对RYR~2的蛋白量有明显影响,不同浓度乙醇与乌头碱联合染毒对RYR~2的影响效果不一致,低浓度乙醇能拮抗乌头碱引起的RYR~2含量增加,随着乙醇浓度逐渐升高,拮抗作用逐渐减弱,且有向协同作用转化的趋势。     

九种有毒植物中毒的尸检报告

本文报道17例有毒植物中毒尸检资料(毒蕈4例、苍耳子3例、栝楼2例、乌头类3例、雷公藤1例、钩吻1例、夹竹桃1例、豆薯子1例,野山薯1例),其中意外15例,自杀2例。着重分析了这些有毒植物对机体选择性毒作用部位。根据病理变化探讨中毒机理和死因,并综合讨论了有关的法医学问题。根据作者的经验,在法医学尸体检验和鉴定中应重视对尸体系统全面的法医病理学检验,以及请有关专家对可疑的有毒植物进行品种鉴定,有毒植物中毒是法医学鉴定中较常遇到而又较困难的问题之一,应引起进一步重视。     

乌头碱对新生大鼠心肌细胞DNA损伤的影响

目的探讨乌头碱对新生大鼠心肌细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法新生SD大鼠20只,随机分为4组,取心室肌以差速贴壁法原代培养心室肌细胞。培养第6天,制成密度为2×105个细胞/mL的细胞悬液,分别加入乌头碱混合液至终浓度为0.1、0.5、1、2μmol/L,染毒30m in;采用彗星电泳技术及CASP分析软件,检测不同浓度乌头碱染毒后心室肌细胞DNA损伤程度。结果心肌细胞被不同浓度乌头碱染毒后,尾部DNA含量、彗尾长度、尾矩、O live尾矩均随乌头碱浓度增加而升高,头部DNA含量则逐渐降低,与对照组相比,有显著性差异(P<0.01);乌头碱染毒剂量越大,心肌细胞DNA损伤越严重。结论乌头碱染毒引起细胞DNA断裂损伤呈明显的剂量—效应关系,推测细胞DNA损伤是乌头碱毒作用机制之一。     

乌头中剧毒生物碱的提取分离（Ⅱ）

目的从短距牛扁中提取分离含C14 茴香酰基剧毒二萜生物碱。方法采用 95 %乙醇提取 ,酸性水溶液溶解醇提物 ,脱脂并碱化后经硅胶柱层析及制备薄层分离 ,以UV、HPLC MS、13CNMR方法确证结构。结果利用该方法可对短距牛扁中黄草乌碱丙、粗茎乌碱甲、滇乌碱进行有效提取。结论本研究提示对乌头属植物中毒案件进行检验时仅以乌头碱类生物碱 (C14 苯甲酰基 )作为监测成分是不够的 ,还应注意检材中是否含有滇乌碱型生物碱成分。     

A case of fatal poisoning with the aconite plant: quantitative analysis in biological fluid.

In recent years recorded cases of plant poisoning have become rare, this may in part be due to the possibility of plant ingestion not being indicated at the beginning of an investigation. Aconitum napellus (aconite, Wolfsbane, Monkshood) is one of the most poisonous plants in the UK. It contains various potent alkaloids such as aconitine, isoaconitine, lycaconitine and napelline. Ingestion of Aconitum plant extracts can result in severe, potentially fatal toxic effects. This paper describes the analytical findings in a recent death in the UK. resulting from deliberate ingestion of Aconitum napellus extract. The concentrations of aconitine measured by HPLC-DAD in the post mortem femoral blood and urine were 10.8 micrograms/L and 264 micrograms/L, respectively. The aconitine concentration in the ante mortem urine was 334 micrograms/L and was estimated to be 6 micrograms/L in the ante mortem serum. Hence, accidental, suicidal or homicidal poisoning due to the ingestion of plant material remains a possibility and should be borne in mind when investigating sudden or unexplained death.     

A case of fatal aconitine poisoning by Monkshood ingestion

Accidental aconitine poisoning is extremely rare in North America. This report describes the confirmation of a case of accidental aconitine poisoning using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The case involved a 25-year-old man who died suddenly following a recreational outing with friends where he consumed a number of wild berries and plants including one that was later identified as Monkshood (Aconitum napellus). Postmortem blood and urine samples were available for analysis. All routine urine and blood toxicology screens were negative. The LC-MS/MS method allowed sensitive quantification of aconitine, the main toxin in A. napellus, and showed 3.6 and 149 microg/L in blood and urine, respectively. These concentrations were similar to that reported in other aconitine-related deaths. This case illustrates the dangers of consuming unidentified plants, and documents concentrations of aconitine in blood and urine in a fatal case of A. napallus-related poisoning.     

大鼠乌头碱中毒心肌酶的研究(Ⅳ)——乳酸脱氢酶的组织化学和细胞化学定位

本文用组织化学和细胞化学相结合的方法,对乌头碱染毒后不同时间的大鼠心肌乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)进行了显微和超微结构定位。染毒后30min、2h 和4h,大鼠心肌 LDH 酶反应增强,至染毒后12h,24h 活性仍高于对照组。表明在有氧氧化障碍的同时,中毒鼠的心肌糖酵解增强,为乌头碱造成心肌能量代谢障碍的中毒机理进一步提供了证据。     

短柄乌头急性中毒——乌头碱在大鼠体内分布的研究

本文用高效液相色谱法检测了大白鼠短柄乌头急性中毒后(LD_(50)剂量灌胃),乌头碱在心、肝、肾、血、脑内的含量分布。结果表明;体内乌头碱含量甚微或检不出。30例大鼠LD_(50)剂量灌胃后,16例2h内中毒死亡。其肝、肾内的乌头碱检出率明显高于心、血、脑,且中毒表现明显。另14例于2h整处死,其肝、肾、血中检出较高。16例2h内死亡组肝中乌头碱含量分析提示乌头碱在体内代谢很快。此结果为法医工作中乌头碱中毒案件调查、检材提取、毒物分析结果的评价提供了一定的依据。     

Seven cases of fatal aconite poisoning: forensic experience in China

This paper presents seven fatal cases of aconite poisoning encountered in the Tongji Center for Medicolegal Expertise in Hubei (TCMEH), China, from 1999 to 2008 retrospectively. In six of the cases, deaths occurred after drinking homemade medicated liquor containing aconite, and in one case death was due to ingestion of traditional Chinese medication containing aconite. Forensic autopsy and pathological examinations ruled out the presence of physical trauma or life-threatening diseases. Diagnosis of aconite poisoning was made after postmortem toxicological analysis. Animal experiment was performed in one case demonstrating that the medicated liquor could cause death rapidly. We present the autopsy and histopathological findings, toxicological analysis, and results of animal experiment done on samples from those seven cases. As an important herbal Chinese medicine, Aconitum species deserve special attention, especially because it contains poisonous alkaloids.     

Aconitum alkaloid content and the high toxicity of aconite tincture

Although proprietary medicines and decoction of processed aconite roots are the most widely used, tincture accounts for the great majority of aconite poisoning cases in China, indicating that it is much more toxic than other formulations. Aconite tincture is often self-prepared at home and raw aconite plants or roots are often used. Even if processed aconite roots were used to make the tincture, the amount of Aconitum alkaloids is highly variable, depending on the adequacy of processing and quality control. Aconitum alkaloids dissolve efficiently in alcohol. For these reasons, tincture contains very high concentrations of Aconitum alkaloids. Despite its high intrinsic toxicity, overdose of aconite tincture by the users has been common. Severe aconite poisoning can be complicated by fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias and asystole. The public should be repeatedly warned of the danger of taking aconite tincture by mouth.     

Effects of long-term administrations of aconitine on electrocardiogram and tissue concentrations of aconitine and its metabolites in mice

Aconitum alkaloids are well known for their acute and high toxicity, for example, in the causation of severe arrhythmias leading to death. Aconitine, one of the major Aconitum alkaloids, is a highly toxic compound from the Aconitum species. However, there has been no studies reported on the influence of the chronic administration of aconitine. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of chronic administration of aconitine in experimental animal models. A dose of 1mg/kg per day was administered to the experimental animal models. We determined the concentration of aconitine and its metabolites (benzoylaconine and aconine) in organs and blood with gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring (GC/SIM). In addition, we concurrently recorded the electrocardiogram (ECG). Fifteen minutes after administration on day 0, the early aconitine administered group (acute group) revealed peak organ and blood concentration levels of aconitine with a gradual decrease, thereafter. The concentration of aconitine in organs and blood (from days 0 to 22; 90 min after the last administration of aconitine) gradually decreased according to repeated administration, whereas benzoylaconine and aconine increased. ECG revealed various types of arrhythmias. However, the frequency of arrhythmias remarkably decreased with time and repeated administration of aconitine. These results indicate two possibilities. First, the increase in the activity of aconitine metabolism. Secondly, the decrease of effectiveness to the heart due to long-term (chronic) administration of aconitine.     

大鼠乌头碱中毒心肌酶的研究(Ⅲ)——线粒体NADHD的组织化学和细胞化学研究

本文用组织化学和细胞化学方法分别对乌头碱染毒后不同时间组大鼠心肌NADHD进行了光镜和电镜观察。结果表明:乌头碱染毒后30分钟,2小时和4小时的大鼠心肌NADHD活性明显降低并有定位改变,而染毒后12、24小时的心肌NADHD活性有所回升。证实产能较多的NADH氧化呼吸链在乌头碱中毒时受到抑制。     

Poisoning deaths in Central China (Hubei): A 10-year retrospective study of forensic autopsy cases

A retrospective study of autopsy cases was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College (DFM-TMC), in Hubei, China to describe the characteristics of poisoning deaths from 1999 to 2008. A total of 212 poisoning deaths were investigated by DFM-TMC during the 10-year period. The poisoning deaths ranged from 17 cases in 1999 to 27 cases in 2008. Of the 212 cases, 82 deaths (38.7%) were from pesticides, 36 deaths (17.0%) from carbon monoxide, 34 deaths (16.0%) from drugs, 22 deaths (10.4%) from alcohol, 17 deaths (8.0%) from other chemicals, 15 deaths (7.1%) from poisonous plants and animals, and six deaths (2.8%) from heavy metals. Of the 82 pesticide poisoning deaths, 43 (52.4%) cases were caused by rodenticides, mainly tetramine (N = 39). The majority of poisoning deaths were accidents (63.7%), followed by suicides (25.9%) and homicides (3.8%). The manner of death could not be determined in 14 cases (6.6%).