论票据诈骗犯罪案件的侦查对策

随着经济的发展及科技的进步,票据诈骗犯罪所采取的手段越来越先进,越来越隐蔽,反侦察能力越来越强,对于侦查机关来说是个巨大的挑战。票据诈骗犯罪案件的侦查应从票据诈骗案件的特点、票据类型以及票据流程入手展开调查取证。     

贴现纠纷实务问题研究——兼谈票据权利与合同权利的并存问题

贴现旧称“拆息”，系指持票人以未到期票据向银行申请兑换现金，银行通过背书取得票据，并从票面金额中扣除自贴现日至票据到期日的利息后，将余款支付给该申请人的行为。《中华人民共和国商业银行法》规定，商业银行可以经营票据贴现业务。由于贴现纠纷案件数量历来较少，实务界对其中的法律问题一直未加以重视。在此，就司法实践中的部分问题略陈管见，希望能对问题的解决有所裨益。     

论票据法上背书伪造的法律效力

背书伪造是指在票据上伪造他人签名的背书行为。背书伪造对其他真实签名效力的影响,各国票据法的规定基本相同。关于背书伪造对背书连续性的影响,两大票据法体系存在相当严重的分歧。     

从—起银行票据纠纷看几种常见的票据行为

随着现代社会各类票据的广泛应用,以伪造票据为手段的各类诈骗案件屡见不鲜,银行、客户间往往因复杂的票据法律关系被牵扯进法律诉讼之中。本文对一起比较典型的票据纠纷案件进行了剖析,对发生的几种票据行为及如何维护当事人合法权益进行了探讨。     

我国票据背书连续认定规则的完善

由于背书连续的涵义具有广延性,以及我国票据背书连续的认定规则存在着实践中的盲点,使得认定票据背书连续的实际操作存在较大可控性,为付款人拒付票款留出了足够的空间,致使持票人票据权利的实现失去预见性,从而阻碍了票据在我国的流通。为实现票据背书连续认定的规范性,在规则体系的层面,应对背书连续的效力、背书形式连续的结构以及对不真实背书认定之责三个要素进行有机整合：不仅持票人依背书形式连续取得票据权利,而且用列举法对形式不连续的背书作明确规定,从而最充分地保护持票人的合法权益；对付款人只尽背书形式连续审查义务的规定已不再是强制性规范,而其即使按照合同约定承担背书实质连续审查义务时,尚有将错误付款的损失归于被伪造背书人或受让不真实背书人承担的机会；对被伪造背书人而言,虽有分担付款人损失的可能,但总体上的安全感强于矫正前的规则。     

论电信诈骗案件侦查突破口的选择

侦查突破口是侦查中容易查明案件事实、认定犯罪嫌疑人的环节或对象。电信诈骗犯罪案件作为当前一类涉案范围广、社会影响恶劣的侵财犯罪,其侦查存在若干难点。在分析当前电信诈骗犯罪案件的多样性和复杂性基础上,我们应以电信、银行为立足点,采用以电信和银行账户开户信息并结合视频监控、电话和网银信息为突破口的侦查策略。     

本案代理付款行应承担民事侵权责任

1996年10月5日,某物贸中心持一异地建设银行签发的未到期银行承兑汇票在其所在地的县工商银行办理了汇票贴现手续。贴现时,物贸中心有汇票背面的背书人一栏加盖了单位公章和法定代表人手章,但未作文字背书。12月5日,汇票到期后,县工行持票向同城建设银行即汇票承兑银行的代理付款行提示付款。县建设银行受理了县工商银行的提示付款后,并未向县工商银行付款,     

票据保证人的签章不符合法律规定应承担赔偿责任--评农行某营业部与某储运公司等票据追索权纠纷案

本案是一起因票据贴现到期未获付款而引起的票据追索权纠纷。由于保证人在票据上的签章不符合票据法规定的签章的形式要件,票据保证无效,票据保证人不承担票据保证责任,但依法应当承担与其过错相适应的民事责任。     

票据基础关系、代位权及票据质押

票据纠纷案件在近几年的审判实践中出现不断增长趋势,案件性质也日趋复杂。分析下述案例,有助于我们正确理解票据基础关系与代位权和票据质押。 一、主要案情 １９９７年１２月２日,Ａ公司与Ｂ公司签订了钢材购销合同,约定Ａ公司向Ｂ公司供应钢材。Ｂ公司通过与Ｃ银行签订承兑协议,于１９９８年１月７日向Ａ公司签发并交付银行承兑汇票一张,收款人为Ａ公司,汇票金额为人民币４７０万元,到期日为１９９８年７月４日。１９９８年４月１日上公司将Ｂ公司签发的上述汇票背书,被背书人为Ｄ银行,背书内容为“委托收款”。 １９９８年１…     

票据伪造与票据变造的法律后果及风险负担

<正> 票据伪造,是指以行使票据为目的,假冒他人或者虚构人的名义在票据上签章,伪为票据行为的违法行为。比如某公司职员盗用公司印章签发支票、一票据拾得人假冒票据权利人在票据上背书等;票据变造,是指以行使票据为目的,没有变更权限之人变更票据上除签章之外其他记载事项的违法行为。比如某持票人将票据金额由5万元改写为50万元、某人将他人票据上记载的付款地由“山西”改为“陕西”等。     

Juvenile perpetrators of race/ethnicity-based bias crimes

Most bias crime literature focuses on adults despite the fact that youth account for a large proportion of prejudice-motivated violence. The LA County Commission on Human Relations data for all bias crimes from 2002-2008 was used to examine similarities and differences between adult and youth suspects of bias-motivated crimes. Findings showed youth victims of racial bias crimes were 12 times more likely to be targeted by youth suspects and over five times more likely to commit property offenses. Public places were nearly three times more likely than resident places to be the location of the bias crime by youth suspects. Female perpetrators of racial bias crimes were two times more likely to be youths. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

关于强迫虚拟"性行为"的本质及其处罚的思考

关于强迫虚拟"性行为",即虚拟强奸行为和虚拟强制猥亵行为,学术界对此并没有理论研究热情,而司法机关在实践中,对部分具有危害性的虚拟性行为如组织虚拟卖淫以及虚拟卖淫行为以组织表演淫秽罪、传播淫秽物品牟利罪、传播淫秽物品罪等罪名进行定罪量刑.但是,虚拟强奸和虚拟强制猥亵行为却处于惩罚上的空白地段.因此,很有必要启动立法程序对此类危害行为进行立法规定,以便及时地以刑罚的方法进行调整.     

Eyewitness identification procedures for multiple perpetrator crimes: a survey of police in Sweden,Belgium, and the Netherlands

ABSTRACT

A considerable proportion of crimes involve multiple perpetrators. Yet, little is known about how police officers construct, administer, and record eyewitness identification procedures for multiple suspects. An online survey of law enforcement agents in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands (N?=?51) was conducted to obtain an initial understanding of police perceptions of prevalence and characteristics of multiple perpetrator crimes, and to examine identification procedure practices given the little to no guidance provided for police. Practice converged when it came to the use of sequential, photographic lineups, but diverged between and within countries on whether or not suspects of multiple perpetrator crimes should be placed in separate lineups. Results specifically highlight contextual cuing as one critical area for future research in identification for multiple perpetrator crimes (i.e. placing multiple suspects in the same lineup or asking eyewitnesses to look for a specific suspect).     

The Salvadoran Criminal Justice System

This research analyzes comparative data on offenders, offenses, sentences, and dispositions for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and the United States. This paper is based upon a larger research project examining political death and homicide in El Salvador through 1984. The analysis examines the effectiveness of the Salvadoran criminal justice system before and after initiation of Its civil war.

The statistics showed that El Salvador's capacity to investigate homicides and detect murder suspects had improved over the last 10 years or so, whereas its ability and length of time to prosecute, try, sentence, and commit offenders had deteriorated over this same period. Substantial numbers of Salvadoran criminals were apprehended, arrested, tried, sentenced, and incarcerated for routine crimes of violence and property. On the other hand virtually none of the perpetrators of thousands of political murders were apprehended by the Salvadoran Government despite the increase in arrest and sentencing for routine homicides. This may be indicative of a lack of commitment by the Salvadoran Government to deal with political killings by death squads.     

论毒品犯罪案件的证据

毒品犯罪案件有许多不同于普通刑事案件的特殊性,毒品案件中的证据又具有相对的单一性,必须当场缴获毒品和毒资才能证实犯罪。本文结合缉毒侦查中的具体情况,强调办理毒品案件必须增强证据意识,要把握好破案的时机,适时取证;收集证据一定要十分仔细,获取的证据应做好固定保全工作,并特别注意取证的合法性;采用技术侦察手段须把握住一条底线:不得诱人犯罪;应正确运用推定规则判定"明知",对推定结论允许以确凿的事实予以反驳。     

Expert witness in international war crimes tribunals

Abstract

The author has served as an expert witness in eight different cases tried before war crimes tribunals, involving twelve accused. Only three of the twelve accused were convicted. Seven were acquitted and two cases are still pending. The general defense strategy in such cases is to admit the crimes, but to challenge the involvement or responsibility of the accused. Identity then becomes the main issue to be proven by the prosecution. From the verdicts it appears that problems of identification were a major reason for acquittal. A closer look at the cases demonstrates that these problems were entirely due to an astounding naivety of the various prosecutors with respect to identification issues. The identification procedures used by the investigators were violating even the basic principles developed in many years of research in the area of psychology and law. This is even more shocking when it is realized how important these trials are, not only for the accused, but also for the witnesses, the victims, their relatives, their communities, and for international justice.

Since 1987 I have been asked eight times to testify in war crimes trials. The venues were, in chronological order:

• The Special Court in Jerusalem for the trial of suspects accused of crimes in the Second World War – the case against John Demjanjuk.

• The Special Dutch Court for the trial of suspects accused of crimes against humanity in the Second World War – the case against Marinus De Rijke.

• The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY); five cases: against Du?ko Tadi? (IT-94-1), Vlatko Kupreskic (IT-95-16), Fatmir Limaj et al. (IT-03-66-T), Ramush Haradinaj et al. (IT-04-84), and Ljubisa Beara (IT-05-88-T).

• The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) – the case against Jérôme–Clement Bicamumpaka (ICTR 99-5-T).

In this paper I will describe some of my experiences, and try to formulate some lessons that I have learned.     

科学发展观与职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障

在职务犯罪的侦查阶段,由于侦查机关掌握法律赋予的广泛而强大的权力,而犯罪嫌疑人只是消极的被追诉方,双方的力量相差悬殊,因此,侦查机关的侦查活动必然涉及到对犯罪嫌疑人人身自由、个人隐私以及各种财产权利的限制与剥夺,两者的权利必然发生碰撞,犯罪嫌疑人的个人权利必然会受到侵犯。检察工作必须始终贯彻科学发展观,落实到职务犯罪侦查中,就是要正确处理好惩治犯罪与保障人权的关系。结合现行法律和司法实践,笔者封存在侵犯犯罪嫌疑人人权的问题以及原因进行分析。同时。笔者认为应从法律本土化、地方性知识的角度出发,从转变侦查观念、完善立法、转变侦查模式、强化监督四个方面入手,对职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权进行保障。     

ARREST FOR DOMESTIC AND OTHER ASSAULTS*

We use the National Crime Victimization Survey to examine whether a suspect's relationship to an assault victim affects whether the police make an arrest. The results indicate that in cases of minor assaults the police are less likely to make an arrest when the suspect is an intimate partner of the victim than when the suspect is an identifiable stranger. However, the police are not as lenient when the suspect is an intimate partner as they are when the suspect is someone else the victim knows. Intimate partner suspects avoid arrest in part because they are less likely to commit their crimes in front of witnesses. In addition, victims who know the suspect in any way are reluctant to sign complaints, and this reluctance inhibits arrest. Men are less likely than women to sign complaints, particularly when the suspect is a partner.     

Violent criminals locked up: Examining the effect of incarceration on behavioral continuity

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether, and the degree to which, inmates committing specific types of violent crimes in the community were prone to commit acts of violence while incarcerated.

Materials and methods

Data were collected from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice on the prison stock population and a restricted admissions cohort serving time during FY 2008.

Results

After controlling for pre-prison and post-conviction characteristics, crime of conviction retained a modest degree of influence on inmates’ propensity to commit dangerous rule violations in prison. Inmates convicted of assault, robbery and other miscellaneous violent crimes were more likely to commit dangerous rule infractions than inmates convicted of property crimes, supporting the behavioral continuity thesis. Inmates convicted of homicide were no more likely, and those convicted of sexual assault less likely, to commit dangerous rule violations in comparison to those convicted of property crimes.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that researchers and prison officials should not view all inmates convicted of one of a broad category of “violent crimes” in the community as being equivalent in their propensity for violence while incarcerated.     

刑事案件"延长羁押期限"问题研究

我国现行的延长羁押制度对于成功地展开刑事追诉活动,防止嫌疑人、被告人逃避侦查和审判,避免其毁灭证据、串供甚至威胁证人、被害人等,都是卓有成效的;在不断的延长羁押过程中,嫌疑人、被告人也丧失了再犯新罪、自杀以及危害社会的能力。但作为一种沉重的代价,延长羁押制度法治化水平也确实是不高的,无论是延长羁押法定、程序保障、比例性等实体性原则,还是权力监督、司法救济等程序性原则,都没能在我国延长羁押制度中得以确立。拟通过分析延长羁押制度存在的问题,有针对性地提出改革、完善现行延长羁押制度的具体对策。