中国社会的现代化压力与执政党权威的强化

现代化理论认为,现代化是结构的变迁,会引起政治的不稳定。中国社会的现代化变迁所形成的结构性压力就要求执政党具有强大的政治权威。当前,中国社会的现代化正向纵深发展,这种超大社会现代化的复杂性和多维性,要求执政党必须强化其政治权威。     

The modern revolutions of Iran: Civil society and state in the modernization process

This paper concerns two major transformations in the modern history of Iran: the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909 and the Islamic Revolution of 1977–1979. It focuses on the interplay of clergy, bazaris and state in making the two modern revolutions if Iran. The paper addresses a core question: why the clergy did not take political power in the Constitutional Revolution when Iran was a traditional society, yet succeed in doing so in a modern Iran (1977–1979)? It concerns largely questions of continuity and change of social institutions during a period of rapid authoritative modernization that significantly influenced the constellation of power between civil society and state} As a result of rapid modernization, traditional civil society, which was based on strong ties between the Shi'i clergy and the bazaris, drastically change and marginalized. Modern socio‐economic and administrative developments and the creation of new social groups, in turn, contributed to the formation of a modern civil society which periodically played a significant role in the political life of Iran. Socio‐economic changes brought about by Pahlavi Shahs’ (1924–1979) through rapid and authoritative modernization created new urban social groups who became important factors in making the Islamic Revolution of 1977–1979. In particular, the urban marginal groups, ‘the dispossessed’, engaged infrequent confrontations with authorities, and provided the radical clergy with a ‘social army’ for revolutionary mobilization and dominant influence.     

Chinese isms: the modernization of ideological discourse in China

ABSTRACT

The many words in ‘-ism’ in Western languages, from ‘anarchism’ to ‘Zenonism,’ are the linguistic manifestation of a significant European conceptual innovation in scholarly and ideological discourse. Briefly put, there is an intense reductionism in these concepts that underlies their effective rhetorical deployment in various forms of ideological and expository discourse. While isms originated in Europe, they were eventually appropriated by speakers of other languages and became a significant factor and indicator of change in modern society on a global scale. Concepts such as ‘feminism,’ ‘socialism’ and ‘nationalism’ were instrumental in transforming history in the Far East, and so this article explores the appropriation of isms as zhǔyì 主義 in Chinese. The article focuses on how ‘ismatic reasoning’ came to dominate Chinese intellectual and political discourse in the 20th century, zooming in on the case of political ideals for China in the modern world. The historical contingency and change of particular isms, as well as local conceptual innovations, are highlighted in the article.     

中国现代化进程中的人格塑造

中国现代化进程中的人格塑造问题,正在日益引起人们的关注.在适应社会主义市场经济的人格塑造中,人格范式的选择,塑造人格的途径,都值得深入探究.本文对这一系列问题,尝试在马克思主义观点的基础上作一探讨,以期引起对社会转型期人格塑造问题的学术关注.     

The role of civil society in European integration

This paper explores the concept of ‘civic society’ in Western political thought, charting the changing understanding of this concept through history and its manifestation in contemporary political and social life. The paper draws out the inferences for our understanding of the role of government, particularly with the European Union and its relationship with citizens and other representative community‐based and non‐governmental organisations. The paper argues that the fundamental values that are central to civic society underpin the proposed EU Charter on Fundamental Rights and maintains that effective European integration requires responsible participation by Europe's citizens. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

生态现代化视阈下中国发展理念的转向

生态现代化是在20世纪产生的一场绿色变革,是在反省现代化发展基础上提出的对现代工业社会进行的生态的恢复和重建。改革开放以后的中国步入了现代化浪潮之中,在这期间,中国传统发展理念的局限性也逐渐暴露出来。而生态现代化注重生态价值的凸显,它体现的是一种使现代化走得更远的发展理念,在这种背景之下,中国必须转变现代化的发展理念,实现生态化的转向,走生态型的现代化道路。     

社会现代化的关键:人的现代化

人是现代化的主体,同时人的现代化又是现代化的基本内容之一.研究现代化首先必须研究人的现代化,人的现代化是社会现代化的关键所在.现代人的素质涉及到人的观念、知识、能力、思维等各个方面,因此,必须通过多种渠道来提高现代中国人的素质,从而促进中国社会现代化的实现.     

Promoting good governance in Africa: The role of the civil society as a watchdog

Corruption, maladministration, nepotism, and poor accountability have reached unprecedented levels within the African continent. Consequently, this has impeded the successful and adequate provision of public services and by extension, hampered socio‐economic development and good governance. Undeniably, the entrenchment of civil society is vital for democratic purposes and the consolidation of good governance. For the purpose of this study, Africa is regarded as a unitary entity composed of synchronized autonomous states and governments. As a result, a strict examination of available and relevant literature on the provision of civil society in Africa was applied (were a systematic review of literature irtes was undertaken). The study was able to comprehensively understand the dynamics, challenges, and benefits related to the increasing rate at which is participating in Africa's governance related issues and their overall impact. The study was also able to understand how civil society in Africa has contributed to promoting good governance. It is, however, apparent that the increasing involvement of civil society in governance issues relates to transparency, upholding the rule of law, human rights, and the fight against corruption inter alia. The study also uncovered that the increase in the participation of civil society organizations will have a positive impact on governance as they will have the capacity to act as watchdogs to ensure that governments are effective and serving the needs of the public. Going forward, it will be imperative for civil society to work hand in hand with democratically elected governments in not only fighting corruption and promoting good governance but to also ensure that there is a socio‐economic and by extension political development within the African continent.     

The role of civil society in peacebuilding in southern Thailand

The ‘Southern Fire’ is an ethno‐religious conflict in the southernmost region of Thailand that has claimed thousands of lives since a violent upsurge in 2004. According to a framework for conflict resolution, the state's policy alone could not resolve the conflict as it focused mainly on implementing a ‘peacekeeping’ strategy by increasing the number of security forces. Pursuing a ‘peacemaking’ strategy via peace talks by the government did not create any concrete outcome either. Therefore, to create lasting peace, civil society actors need to be involved in a ‘peacebuilding’ strategy in order to keep the balance of socioeconomic structures. A number of civil society groups have played significant roles that could reduce the tensions in this region. Based on the in‐depth interview data and documentary research, this article identifies the eight roles of civil society and its potential to grow in the deep south. This article helps to promote civil society as a tool of a non‐violent approach that could help create a sustained peace in these provinces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The state and civil society in transition: the role of non-governmental organizations in South Korea

This paper presents a framework of the interdependence of various sectors of society and then investigates the development and current status of the civil society sector, specifically the growth of NGOs in South Korea. Recent years have witnessed an increase in public awareness where civil societies have begun challenging states in addressing public issues. The directive state intervention following the Korean War disallowed for a strong civil society, thus restraining the development of significant non-state actors. The 1987 Democratization Movement marked an increase in the activity of NGOs and also the provision of a pathway for citizens to begin engaging in social activity. The repressive apparatus of the state has weakened allowing Korean NGOs to mature in dealing with diverse social issues in the public domain. They have extended the scope of policy-related activities to ensure an environment conducive to the enlargement of public space and the expansion of citizens’ rights. The results of this study indicate that the growth of NGOs is both the result of the demise of authoritarian regimes and further stimulus to the transition solidifying democracy. The challenges for Korean NGOs will be to ply strategic roles as partners of the state in the transitional period.     

论中国科举制度对古代社会的积极意义

中国古代科举制度是中国古代社会的一大制度创举,它有效地摆脱了以血统和出身作为选官标准的人才选拔制度所带来的危害,使人才选拔制度走上了公平、标准化的发展之路。中国古代科举制度的产生顺应了特定时代的发展需要。虽然它在中国封建社会晚期弊端丛生,但是其对于中国古代社会所产生的积极意义是不容忽视的。从国家、社会和个人三个层面,较客观地论述中国古代科举制度在中国古代历史上所产生的积极意义,从而为中国古代科举制度正名。     

Civil society and democratic progression in postcolonial Nigeria: The role of non-governmental organizations

Abstract

With the ever increasing demands of market forces via globalization on governments, the parallel requests from citizens to fill the gap often left open by states have become just as prevalent in the modern era. Governments have become ill-equipped to handle such citizen demands or simply unwilling, thus civil society agents in the form of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are attempting to fill those gaps. Ideally, civil society actors like NGOs collectively mobilize and advocate more political openness, in the form of civil liberties and civil rights. However, NGOs can stymie democracy-building as well. Demands for more democratization are increasing precipitously, and seem to be coinciding with the rising tide of globalization, even in nascent democracies such as Nigeria. However, the idealism of the 1990s, that NGOs would be the panacea for democratic limitations, are not revealing themselves as once anticipated for a plethora of reasons. This paper will investigate the impact of NGO efforts and democratization in the face of instability in postcolonial Nigeria.     

中国农村现代化的路径分析

农村现代化是一个全面的、全方位的进步过程,只有农村的政治、经济、文化以及农民意识等都实现了现代化,才能说整个农村实现了现代化.但由于城乡二元体制等多种因素的影响,我国农村现代化步伐相对滞后,为此,必须采取有效的措施和途径,大力推进我国农村现代化建设.     

正确认识人类社会的发展规律

在当代社会实践中，社会主义与资本主义两种价值观矛盾运动的特征主要表现为共存性；社会主义同资本主义两种社会制度同处于人类社会发展过程中的同一形态即以物的依赖性为基础的人的独立性阶段。应在此基础上深化对我国社会主义初级阶段的认识。     

Civil society and democratization: The role of service-providing organizations amid closing civic spaces

This article argues that current democracy promotion strategies relying on rights-claiming advocacy NGOs are falling short of their democratization goals, as authoritarian regimes are closing the space through restrictions on the NGOs that attempt to carry them out. In response, we suggest a reexamination of earlier approaches to involving civil society in democratization efforts by shifting the focus back on service-providing civil society organizations that have largely become side-lined in democracy-building agendas. Specifically, service providers tend to be more capable of functioning “under the radar” thus contributing to democracy in both direct and indirect ways, and thus escaping closing space restrictions. The key concerns about their independence from the state, as well as under what conditions the state may be less successful in coopting the independent service-providers, however, remain unresolved and warrant future research.     

论社会转型期中国的政治稳定

政治稳定是社会各项改革和经济发展的基本保障,也是当代中国的最高利益.处于社会转型期的中国尤其如此.本文以政治稳定的涵义作为思考的起点,剖析中国在社会转型期的政治不稳定因素,并提出保持社会政治稳定的对策建议.     

和谐社会的发展与图书馆的作用

论述了和谐社会与图书馆的关系,以及图书馆对和谐社会的发展,起着积极的推动作用。