Using Patent Data to Assess the Value of Pharmaceutical Innovation

Though many more patents emerge from industry sources, drug-related patents generated in the non-profit setting appear to have greater importance than patents arising from the commercial sector, which helps demonstrate the value non-profit research institutions can have in driving drug development.     

Using an Eye Tracking Device to Assess Vulnerabilities to Burglary

This research examines the extent to which visual cues influence a person’s decision to burglarize. Participants in this study (n?=?65) viewed ten houses through an eye tracking device and were asked whether or not they thought each house was vulnerable to burglary. The eye tracking device recorded where a person looked and for how long they looked (in milliseconds). Our findings showed that windows and doors were two of the most important visual stimuli. Results from our follow-up questionnaire revealed that stimuli such as fencing, beware of pet signs, cars in driveways, and alarm systems are also considered. There are a number of implications for future research and policy.     

应用Goggle-VEP客观评定视野缺损的法医学价值分析

目的以视神经损伤为研究对象，分析视野与Goggle—VEP相关性，探讨法医临床学视野的客观评定问题。方法以被检查者健眼作对照，行双眼电视野检查及Goggle—VEP检查；应用SPSS软件分析两者数据的相关性。结果80例视神经损伤眼均表现为不同程度的视野改变．其中41例为视神经完全损伤，Goggle—VEP均无波型诱出；39例为不完全视神经损伤，Goggle—VEP表现为仅诱出切迹波或者潜伏期延长、波幅降低；80例健眼，视野正常，Goggle—VEP均正常。分析视野与Goggle—VEP结果两者的相关性，R=0.911（P〈0.01，n=80）。结论视神经损伤时，视野缺损程度与Goggle—VEP异常程度有较为良好的相关性，Goggle—VEP可作为视神经损伤后客观评定视野缺损的指标。     

应用Goggle-VEP客观评定视野缺损的法医学价值分析

目的以视神经损伤为研究对象,分析视野与Goggle-VEP相关性,探讨法医临床学视野的客观评定问题。方法以被检查者健眼作对照,行双眼电视野检查及Goggle-VEP检查;应用SPSS软件分析两者数据的相关性。结果80例视神经损伤眼均表现为不同程度的视野改变,其中41例为视神经完全损伤,Goggle-VEP均无波型诱出;39例为不完全视神经损伤,Goggle-VEP表现为仅诱出切迹波或者潜伏期延长、波幅降低;80例健眼,视野正常,Goggle-VEP均正常。分析视野与Goggle-VEP结果两者的相关性,R=0.911(P<0.01,n=80)。结论视神经损伤时,视野缺损程度与Goggle-VEP异常程度有较为良好的相关性,Goggle-VEP可作为视神经损伤后客观评定视野缺损的指标。     

Expert Testimony Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System in Psychological Injury Cases

The Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS; Meyer et al. 2011) is a new system for administering, scoring, and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test that is designed to make the best possible use of currently available scientific and clinical evidence. Many features of R-PAS are well-suited to forensic evaluation generally and to psychological evaluations in psychological injury cases in particular. Among them, R-PAS: (a) offers an alternative to self-report methods that adds incremental validity, (b) provides a useful check against exaggerated or minimized symptom presentation, (d) generates evidence concerning implicit traits and behavioral tendencies, (e) offers techniques for adjusting for abnormal response sets, (f) uses internationally applicable reference data that do not exaggerate or minimize pathology, (g) organizes results according to the strength of the evidence, and (h) presents results on which are interpretations are based in a manner easy for the intelligent layperson to grasp. Despite its recent formal introduction to the professional assessment community, R-PAS takes advantage of decades of research in peer-reviewed publications (including the insights of Rorschach critics) and builds on established validity and general acceptance for most of its procedures and features. The article describes the standards and criteria applying to expert psychological testimony in U.S. federal and state courts and applies them to Rorschach-based testimony in general and R-PAS-based testimony specifically. It is argued that when the system is properly used and applied and when such testimony is appropriately formulated, it should be found admissible in both state and federal courtrooms     

知识产权的评估和变现

在知识经济和知本经济的新形势下,知识产权是企业的重要经济来源,是维持企业生存和发展的重要支柱,也是保证企业获得利润乃至超额利润的必要源泉。知识产权的评估和变现一直是无形资产学中最重要和最有实际操作价值意义的一部分,在当前形势下,传统经济学和无形资产理论受到空前挑战和严峻的考验,这一问题受到了当今国内外知识产权专家、知识产权拥有者、企业家及金融家们的关注。 一、知识产权的评估目前国际上常用的关于知识产权的评估方法主要有三种:成本法、收益法和市场法。我国财政部在2001年7月23日发布了《资产评估准则——无形资产…     

Psychometric Properties of a Brief Instrument to Assess Perceptions of Injustice Associated with Debilitating Health and Mental Health Conditions

The present study examined the psychometric properties of a shortened and simplified version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ). The instructional set of the original IEQ was modified to make it better suited to the context of debilitating health and mental health conditions that do not necessarily arise as a result of injury. The number of items was reduced from 12 to 5, and the response scale was simplified. The Injustice Experiences Questionnaire – Short Form (IEQ-SF) was administered to individuals diagnosed with a chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) condition (N?=?88) or major depressive disorder (MDD) (N?=?87). The internal consistency of the IEQ-SF was acceptable. The IEQ-SF was significantly correlated with measures of pain severity, depressive symptom severity and disability in both samples. Individuals with MDD scored higher on the IEQ-SF than individuals with MSK. The IEQ-SF was shown to be sensitive to treatment-related reductions in perceived injustice. Preliminary analyses suggest that the IEQ-SF is a reliable and valid measure of disability-related injustice perceptions associated with debilitating health and mental health conditions.     

The Necessity of Multiple Test Methods in Conducting Assessments: The Role of the Rorschach and Self-Report

This article presents a logical and empirical argument for the necessity of a multi-method approach to psychological assessment. Both in clinical and forensic psychology, self-report methods such as questionnaires and interviews are popular. The Rorschach is presented in this article as an additional test method. The article describes recent meta-analyses that evaluate the construct validity of individual Rorschach scales and that serve as major guideposts in the development of a new Rorschach system (Rorschach Performance Assessment System). The combination of self-report and Rorschach methods is used to discuss the importance of multi-method assessment in the context of incremental validity and dissimulation. Practically speaking, the assessor should consider the test method as an indispensable part of the formula when choosing tests, writing reports, and generally understanding the client.     

Adverse Neighborhood Conditions and Sanction Risk Perceptions: Using SEM to Examine Direct and Indirect Effects

Objectives

The present study examines how individuals’ sanction risk perceptions are shaped by neighborhood context.

Methods

Using structural equation modeling on data from waves 6 and 7 of the National Youth Survey, we assess the direct and indirect relationships between adverse neighborhood conditions and two dimensions of sanction risk perceptions: the certainty of punishment and perceived shame. In addition, the role of shame as a mediator between neighborhood context and certainty of punishment is also investigated.

Results

The results indicate that adverse neighborhood conditions indirectly affect both forms of sanction risk perceptions, and additional results show that perceived shame fully mediates the effect of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of the certainty of punishment.

Conclusions

The perceptual deterrence/rational choice perspective will need to be revised to accommodate more explicitly the role of neighborhood context in shaping sanction risk perceptions.     

Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to Test Estimates of Arrestee and Offender Characteristics

National-Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) information for 1993 iscompared with two other sets of homicide data to assess the acuracy ofprocedures for estimating age-, sex-, and race-specific arrest counts fromtraditional Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data. The simultaneous age, race, andsex characteristics of offenders provided in the NIBRS arrest and offender segmentsare compared with estimates of the same characteristics derived from summaryUCR arrest data. The results suggest that using UCR marginal totals toestimate arrest counts by race and sex produces reasonably accurateestimates of the number of black and nonblack male arrests for murder andother offenses. Estimates of arrests of females by race and sex are lessaccurate, probably because of the relatively small number of arrests ofwomen and girls. Estimating male arrest counts for specific age groups alsoproduces reasonably accurate estimates. The results suggest that previousresearch employing such estimates may have been misleading in the estimatesof female arrests by race but accurate in the estimates of male arrests byrace. Although the use of summary UCR-based estimates in futurecross-sectional research will become increasingly unnecessary as the NIBRSreplaces the current UCR program, time series research designs on arrest andcrime trends will continue to require estimates.     

利用事前状态型绑架罪及其延伸

按照刑法第239条绑架罪条文逻辑,实践中出现的"行为人利用事前非索财意图支配下的行为造成的人身控制状态向被控制者的亲属勒赎的行为"显然不构成绑架罪。但此类行为与绑架罪具有实质上的等价性。同时,此类行为既不符合抢劫罪"侵害对象的单一性"特点,又超出了非法拘禁罪和敲诈勒索罪的规制范围。于是似乎出现了一个规范漏洞。解决这一问题的方法是重新解释绑架罪中的"绑架"行为,从以"实力性"为中心转变为以"实质性"为中心,从而将"利用事前状态控制他人人身自由"容纳到"绑架"这一类型化行为当中,这就是利用事前状态型绑架罪。此种绑架罪类型与事前的犯罪行为之间,罪质均为侵害人身自由的应当按前者吸收后者的原则处理;罪质相异的应当按并罚数罪处理。     

Understanding Acts of Consent: Using Speech Act Theory to Help Resolve Moral Dilemmas and Legal Disputes

Understanding what it means toconsent is of considerable importance sincesignificant moral issues depend on how this actis defined. For instance, determining whetherconsent has occurred is the deciding factor insexual assault cases; its proper occurrence isa necessary condition for federally fundedhuman subject research. Even though mosttheorists recognize the legal and moralimportance of consent, there is still littleagreement concerning how consent should bedefined, or whether different domains involvingconsent demand context-specific definitions.Understanding what it means to consent isfurther complicated by the fact that currentlegal conceptions are not necessarily groundedin argument; they typically depend on appealsto authority and precedent. The purpose ofthis paper is to use speech act theory toprovide a theoretically grounded conception ofconsent; such a conception can aid in the justresolution of legal and moral disputes thathinge on whether an act of consent occurred.     

恐怖活动犯罪的理解与认定

恐怖活动古已有之,恐怖活动犯罪严重威胁国家安全、公共安全,严重扰乱社会秩序,严重侵犯公民人身、财产权利。2001年震惊世界的美国9．11事件后,国际社会加强了对恐怖主义犯罪的打击与防范,联合国安理会于2001年9月28日通过了针对恐怖主义犯罪的1373号决议,呼吁各国在防止和制止恐怖主义行为方面进行紧急合作,并对联合国各成员国的刑事立法提出要求。     

Use of the Rorschach in forensic settings for treatment planning and monitoring

Forensic psychiatric patients exhibit complex clinical issues that are neither readily understood by staff nor necessarily responsive to traditional psychotherapy or treatment milieu approaches. Individualized treatment planning identifies treatment needs and matches them to treatment services, thereby increasing the opportunity for a positive therapeutic outcome. The nature of the Rorschach, particularly that it bypasses volitional resources, enables observation and quantification of personality processes, making the Rorschach uniquely suited for treatment planning in forensic settings. In this article, the authors review relevant Rorschach literature, address the importance of incorporating Rorschach data into the assessment process, and discuss how Rorschach data fit into a thorough assessment that includes historical, clinical, dispositional, and contextual information. The authors offer two case examples to illustrate how Rorschach data are integrated in forensic treatment planning.     

中国《专利法》中的新问题--论制止侵权中的临时禁令制度与先用权的要件制度的设立、法律效力问题

中国<专利法>的第二次修改及其相继公布的司法解释进一步强化了中国<专利法>的效力,削弱了抗辩权方被对方行使权利时,以事实状态作为依据主张抗辩权的立场.中国<专利法>第二次修改中最为突出的是临时处分制度的增设和对先用权的要件、法律效力予以的司法解释.中国的临时禁令制度为在申请方提出申请后48小时内法院即下裁定,不给被申请人主张、立证的机会.由于被申请人突然被认定为侵犯专利权,可能被迫停止生产.因此被申请人最有效的应对方法是事先提出不侵犯专利权的确认请求,取得胜诉判决.这种裁判形式最近已得到了中国最高人民法院的认可.在中国有关先用权的成立要件是严格的,而且其效力也是有限的,中国的先用权不能以已准备实施而成立,必须以已做好准备才能成立.先用权的范围按照法院的解释是指专利发明人提出专利申请时,先用权一方的生产量或生产能力.由于中国的先用权与日本有较大差异,因此必须认识到以先用权为依据在中国进行实施行为的危险性.对于新技术必须尽可能通过申请专利获得保护.     

New Models for Language Understanding and the Cognitive Approach to Legal Metaphors

The essay deals with the mechanism of interpretation for legal metaphorical expressions. Firstly, it points out the perspective the cognitive approach induced about legal metaphors; then it suggests that this perspective gains in plausibility when a new bilateral model of language understanding is endorsed. A possible sketch of the meaning-making procedure for legal metaphors, compatible with this new model, is then proposed, and illustrated with some examples built on concepts belonging to the Italian Civil Code. The insights the bilateral model of understanding provides are compared with the practice followed by legal communities for dealing with the metaphorical expressions they coin and use.