美、澳水权制度对中国水权制度完善的法律启示

水资源是人类生存与发展过程中不可缺少的、不可替代的一种基本自然资源。中国是一个水资源严重短缺且分布很不均衡的国家。伴随经济社会的不断发展,水资源供求矛盾日益加剧,水资源市场配置问题已成为影响整个社会经济生活的重要问题,如何完善中国的水权制度就成为一个亟待解决的问题。本文通过对中国与美国和澳大利亚水权制度的对比,寻找出中国水权制度的不足,并对完善中国的水权制度提出了相关建议。     

论中国检察制度对证人保护的理论根源

中国检察制度对证人的保护受中国传统文化的影响,具有中国的民族性格.然而,西方建构主义文化理论和法治现代化理论主导了中国法治现代化的进程,从而影响了中国检察制度对证人保护的具体规定.在中国法治现代化过程中,应该思考关于后现代主义提出的一系列问题,关注中国自身文化和思维方式的保留,突破二元文化论和西方法治霸权.     

论美国犯人的法律权利

被监禁罪犯的权利状况,在一定程度上可以展示一个社会的刑罚进化程度。但被监禁犯人的权利和优惠待遇是有区别的。在美国,宪法、制定法、判例、法规和国际法构成了犯人权利的法律基础。美国犯人的法律权利是通过大量诉讼和犯人权利运动获得的。美国犯人享有宗教自由权、言论自由权、获得法律帮助权、医疗权、受保护权、矫正机构惩罚和纪律方面的权利、平等保护权等7大类权利和大量的具体权利。这些权利具有实然性、多样性和具体性的特点。     

The U.S. Congress and the Institutional Design of Agencies

Theories of agency design maintain that lawmakers impose requirements on how bureaucratic agencies make policy decisions, preventing those agencies from undermining lawmakers' political and policy goals. Empirical support for these theories is limited, however, by the difficulty of measuring critical variables hypothesized to influence the use of this tool of political control. For this study, I employed a methodology particularly well suited, but not previously employed, to study variance in the use of agency‐design provisions: interviews with congressional committee staff. Staffers' responses support several theories, cast doubt on one explanation, and point to nuances in other explanations of agency design.     

美国的法律家长主义理论与实践

在美国法上,法律家长主义是指法律为了当事人自身的利益而限制其自治。在理论上,对法律家长主义争论主要是从法律经济学和法律价值论两个维度进行的,对家长主义式的规定有无效率、法律是否应保持价值中立和自治这一价值在法律中的地位进行探讨。在实践中,法律家长主义在美国合同法、行政法和宪法中有着广泛的应用,对当事人的缔约自由、表达自由、平等权等进行限制,对市场经济和社会保障中的某些行为予以规制。     

对"牛吃麦"案例的另一维度的解释——英、美土地制度和财产制度的变迁

科斯定理是从经济效益的角度来分配权利的,它的"拍卖式"法律价值取向贯穿于美国土地制度与财产制度的发展历程.在与科斯定理相关的"牛吃麦"案例上,美国初始选择了"圈出"规则,后又转向"圈入"规则,其规则的变动始终遵循着"经济效益最大化"原则;而英国自始至终选择了"圈入"规则,早期是为了维护公共财产利益,之后是为了维护私有财产利益,在这过程中,"权利保护原则"是其不变的宗旨.科斯定理纯粹从经济效益的角度来解释有着相同法治渊源与传统的英、美两国在"牛吃麦"案例上所适用规则的差异性,欠缺历史维度的法律分析.     

美国刑事诉讼中撤回起诉及其借鉴意义

在美国法中,禁止双重危险原则是讨论撤回起诉问题的重要坐标。在危险附着后,撤回起诉一般需要被告同意,但在没有被告同意以及审判之后法院仍可能同意检察官撤回起诉。被告同意撤回起诉的,检察官再次起诉不受禁止双重危险的限制;没有被告同意的撤回起诉,除非存在例外情形,否则不得再次起诉。在危险附着前,撤回起诉须经法院同意并且基于善意;此时被告虽不受禁止双重危险的保护,但检察官再次起诉仍受判例和成文法的限制。美国法撤回起诉制度在司法审查和理由、被告参与以及撤回起诉后效果等方面对我国有借鉴意义。     

Institutional responses to unemployment: A comparison of U.S. trends, 1948–1985

Previous studies that consistently find a direct effect of unemployment on imprisonment fail to consider other state policies that may be related both to unemployment and imprisonment. This ommission potentially biases in unknown ways the estimated effect of unemployment. This study uses postwar U.S. time series data to examine how the effects of unemployment on imprisonment are influenced by mental institutionalization, military enlistments and welfare rolls. No evidence of trade-offs in social control policies can be detected in these data, thus supporting the previous findings that unemployment directly affects prison admissions.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the American Criminological Society, Montreal, November 12, 1987.     

Constitutional Rights and Democracy in the U.S.A.: The Issue -of Judicial Review

Abstract. The first section takes up some main details of American constitutional history. At the end of that section and in section two, we concentrate on one constitutional doctrine in particular, judicial review. We argue that this doctrine rests, traditionally, on the foundational idea of a permanent tension between democratic institutions and basic rights. In section three, we deal with the problem just raised, by suggesting an alternative view of the relationship that exists between these fundamental constitutional elements. Here we attempt to show that there is an essential principled harmony between basic constitutional rights and democratic majority rule. And we try to locate judicial review within this alternative conception. Then in section four and in the conclusion we discuss the institutional arrangements for the practice of judicial review in the light of this alternative conception.     

Reexamining the Institutional Effects of Term Limits in U.S. State Legislatures

Research on term limits suggests that they have substantial consequences for the power of legislatures vis‐à‐vis the executive and interest groups and for the relationship between leaders and rank‐and‐file members within a chamber. Existing work, however, has not accounted for the actual power of relevant state actors. We contribute to this research by examining the effect of term limits on the influence of institutional actors conditional on the existing political power structure in a state. The inclusion of controls for the direct and moderating effect of actual institutional power suggests some significant extensions of previous findings regarding the institutional effects of term limits.     

论市场主体的基本经济权利及其行政法安排

在市场经济条件下 ,市场交换的本质是产权的自由让渡 ,因此 ,财产权和经济自由权是个人和组织作为市场主体参与市场活动必须具备的基本权利 ,这些基本权利不仅需要私法的规定和保护 ,更需要行政法的确认和安排 ,以使个人和组织作为市场主体在与作为行政主体的行政机关打交道时能够得到制度上的保障。另一方面 ,在现代社会 ,财产权和经济自由权又不是绝对的权利 ,为了社会的公共利益它们又常常受到法律上的限制 ,因此 ,如何在“个人的权利和自由与政府的权力这两个逆向的观念之间创制一种可行的平衡”也是行政法上必需解决的一个课题     

美国住宅缺陷默示担保制度及其对中国的启示

因住宅质量缺陷引起的纠纷在世界各国均是常见性的问题。因通过交易而获得住宅所有权的依据是不动产买卖合同,所以各国通常以合同法纠纷解决机制处理此类纠纷。美国合同法上的默示担保制度在解决此类纠纷方面显现出了较强的灵活性和旺盛的生命力。本文重点研讨了美国住宅缺陷默示担保责任的形成与发展、基本内容、责任主体、认定标准和救济方式,在与中国相关制度简要比较的基础上提出对我国的启示。