从革命法制到社会主义法治——马克思主义法制(治)观在中国的成长

中国共产党的领导集体在法制(治)观念上有四大转变,这就是：革命法制观、“大民主”法制观、制约法制观和“依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家”的法治观。这四种法制(治)观代表了不同历史时期党的领导集体对法制(治)的不同看法。我们欣喜地看到,法治日益成为国家政治、经济、文化生活的一部分。可以相信,社会主义法制(治)将越来越完善。     

Legal and Extralegal Barriers to Delinquency

Recent research on deterrence has begun to couch discussions of legal sanctions in the context of broader perspectives that take account of other factors that may inhibit law violation. Such an approach can answer significant questions about the importance of legal sanctions relative to other variables. In this research, a three-variable inhibitory model suggested by Grasmick and Green (1980) was tested using panel data from a large sample of adolescents. Internalized normative constraint was found to be the strongest predictor of subsequent delinquency. However, perceptions of the risk of both formal and informal sanctions add significantly to the model's explanatory power. Interaction effects were noted that suggest sanction threats may have a compensatory effect where internal constraints are weak.     

Barriers to evaluating the effectiveness of drug treatment behind bars

The delivery of substance abuse treatment within correctional settings marks one of the criminal justice system's primary opportunities to disrupt the drugs-crime nexus. Federally funded residential substance abuse treatment programs were rapidly introduced across the nation, although implementation problems increased their operational variability. This article examines how implementation barriers interrelate with other types of obstacles and multiply to hinder determinations of program effectiveness. Specific barriers were identified from a case study of process and outcome evaluations of the South Carolina Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) program. A conceptual framework groups barriers by type into four interrelated domains wherein additive effects and reciprocal consequences that can undermine effective program assessment are illustrated.     

Barriers to technology transfer and their elimination

An analogy between the flow of technology and the flow of electricity is used as a method to analyze technology transfer. This effort is expanded by an analogy to the Lewin's field theory in Social Science. An effort is then made to understand better the types of barriers to technology transfer. Several classes of barriers are identified and are then discussed in detail.     

论法院之友制度及其在我国的移植障碍

作为现代审判机构民主措施之一的英美法院之友制度,颇为我国诉讼法学界所关注与推崇,有论者甚至建议将之移植到我国以推动审判的民主化进程。然而,尽管该制度的某些观念和因素可用于完善我国现有制度,但从我国的现有国情来看,完整地移植法院之友制度尚无必要。     

正确认识与积极应对技术性贸易壁垒

技术性贸易壁垒是20世纪80年代以来的国际贸易领域中引人关注的重要现象。这一现象以两种形式八种表现存在于当今世界经济之中。技术性贸易壁垒是一柄双刃剑,既有其存在的合理性,对世界经济和国际贸易有着积极的作用,并在一定程度上有利于舞障各国的消费健康和国民生命安全,同时也会被贸易保护主义思潮利用,成为影响世界经济和国际贸易发展的严重阻碍。应对技术性贸易壁垒必须熟知世贸组织关于技术性贸易壁垒的规则,尽量参与国际标准的制定工作,建立必须的预警机制,充分利用双边与区域合作协调机制等。     

Barriers to safety* for victims of domestic homicide

ABSTRACT

Research on domestic homicide has focused on risk factors presented by perpetrators such as prior violence, threats to kill, stalking, access to weapons, mental health concerns, controlling behaviour and separation. However, there has been less focus on the barriers that victims face regarding finding support, increasing personal safety and decreasing violence and risk of homicide. The present study explored 20 potential barriers that female domestic homicide victims faced using 183 cases occurring between 2002 and 2012 from the Ontario (Canada) Domestic Violence Death Review Committee to examine the presence and frequency of these barriers within the sample. Using two-step cluster analysis, different profiles of barriers were identified that centred on victims’ fear, social isolation and mental health. The study is limited in being a post hoc analysis of homicides and no causal links can be made. The implications of this finding are discussed in the context of risk assessment, risk management and safety planning.     

贸易壁垒认定的依据与期限--中国"贸易壁垒调查第一案"顺利中止后的思考

“贸易壁垒调查第一案”的顺利中止,标志着我国贸易壁垒调查制度从立法向司法实践成功迈出了第一步。但我国在贸易壁垒认定依据和期限等方面的规定还存在着与WTO多边体制不够协调或相冲突之处,势必影响整个贸易壁垒调查制度的构建及其在WTO后过渡期作用的发挥,有待完善。     

刑事辩护障碍的观念之维

我国刑事立法观念、司法观念、律师观念远远落后于我国现行刑事辩护制度,因此造成了辩护制度与法律观念之间的"不兼容"现象,这种"不兼容"现象使得我国刑事辩护制度裹足不前。所以,刑事诉讼观念的相对滞后是我国刑事辩护障碍的最深层次的原因。     

农地信托的法律障碍及其克服

农地信托着眼于农业供给侧结构性改革,在不改变农村土地所有权制度和土地承包关系的大前提下,将信托机制引入农地流转融资,以农地经营权为信托财产,以信托公司为受托人,以土地承包经营权人为受益人,从而为解决农村土地改革困局探索了一条可供选择的制度路径。但是作为制度创新,实定立法对其尽付阙如,农地信托实践在主体资格、登记制度和监管体制等诸多层面遭遇障碍。重大改革必须于法有据。当务之急是夯实农地信托法律根基,明定信托为法定流转方式,并着重从委托人法律地位、受托人风险保障和激励机制、农地信托登记规则以及多主体协同监管体制等方面加以制度回应。     

On the Exploitative Nature of Patent Barriers

专利壁垒有两点区别于传统的非关税贸易壁垒:一是它不仅出现在跨国贸易的流通领域,而且存在于一国的产业领域;二是专利壁垒表面上是为阻止竞争产品进入专利保护地域,而实质上是为保护专利产品市场,拉动专利产品生产规模,使专利权尽可能实现价值增量,从而获得超额剩余价值,因此,专利壁垒具有剥削性.通过创新型劳动的价值计算、创新型劳动与剩余价值的形成、专利壁垒与剩余价值的实现等方面对专利壁垒的剥削性加以剖析,提出专利壁垒的应对方略不仅要从国家和企业两个层面着手,更应当从构建和谐共赢的国际知识产权法律制度和建立国际经济新秩序大视角着眼.     

Barriers to Seeking Police Help for Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence is underreported to police. A study was conducted utilizing focus group methodology to identify women's perceptions of the barriers to seeking police help for intimate partner violence (IPV). Facilitators used a structured format with open-ended questions for five focus group sessions that were recorded and subsequently analyzed using Ethnograph software. Participants were 41 women identified from social service agencies in an urban setting serving IPV women with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Participants identified many barriers for victims, which fell within the following three themes: (1) Predisposing characteristics — situational and personal factors; (2) fears and negative experiences with police response; and (3) fears of possible repercussions. Participants also described positive experiences with police and generated a wish list for improving police response to IPV. Policies and actions that can be taken by police and social service agencies to address the barriers IPV victims face in seeking police help are discussed.     

Barriers to services for rural and urban survivors of rape

A significant proportion of survivors of rape do not utilize formal services to cope with the aftermath of rape. Understanding victimization experiences in environments that differ on resources, such as rural versus urban areas, may be an important dimension to consider in understanding barriers. Thirty women (18 rural and 12 urban) were recruited from rape crisis centers to participate in focus groups. Study results suggest that (a) survivors of rape experience many barriers to service utilization, (b) there were some differences in barriers to service utilization that were mentioned only in rural areas and some that were mentioned only in urban areas that may suggest that community context is important to consider in understanding barriers to service use, and (c) barriers to health and mental health services overlap with barriers to criminal justice system services.