环境侵权民事责任探析

环境侵权作为现代社会的一种新型侵权行为,在民事责任的承担上,实行的是过错责任与无过错责任并立的二元化归责体系;在民事责任的认定上实行因果关系推定。环境侵权民事责任的赔偿原则应当坚持全部赔偿与限制赔偿相结合的原则,并且有限度地适用惩罚性赔偿原则。     

医疗侵权举证制度缺陷分析

20 0 2年 4月 1日实施的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》(以下简称《规定》)规定了医疗侵权诉讼的举证制度 :因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼 ,由医疗机构就医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系及不存在医疗过错承担举证责任。其实质就是推定存在医疗过错 ,推定存在因果关系 ,从而要求医疗机构承担双重举证责任。根据《民法通则》的规定 ,侵权行为适用过错责任原则 ,没有过错 ,法律规定应当承担民事责任的 ,才承担民事责任。法律没有规定医疗侵权适用无过错责任 ,就应当适用过错责任。在过错责任原则下 ,没有过错的或者没有因果关系…     

环境侵权证明责任倒置合理性论证

为减轻环境侵权诉讼中原告证明损害和被告加害行为之间存在因果关系的困难,发达国家发展出了多种形态的因果关系推定学说、判例和立法。中国现行法确立的因果关系举证责任倒置规则,对环境侵权诉讼原告的举证困难减轻得更多。从促进信息供给、保护受害者、预防污染和惩戒污染、实质正义、利益平衡、立法难易度、司法可预测性、制度变迁成本等七个方面来看,在环境侵权诉讼中实行因果关系证明责任倒置较因果关系推定为优,因此我国环境侵权立法中应继续实行因果关系证明责任倒置原则,没有必要退回到适用因果关系推定。     

浅析环境侵权民事责任的构成要件

近年来,环境污染问题日益严重,已经切实对人民群众的合法权益产生影响,同时,也关系着经济社会稳定发展、人与自然和谐发展的进程.环境侵权民事责任的构成要件具有其自身的特殊性,但是,这种侵权行为也是民事侵权行为中的一种,它的民事责任构成要件也必然同一般的侵权行为有相似之处.环境侵权民事责任的构成要件包括环境污染导致的损害事实、环境侵权行为与损害结果之间的因果关系以及环境侵权的行为.违法性是否作为环境侵权民事责任的构成要件一直在法学理论界有所争议,但笔者认为,违法性不应该作为环境侵权民事责任的构成要件.     

我国商标侵权民事责任归责规则研究

归责是指责任的归属、确定。侵权民事责任的归责规则是指确定行为人的侵权民事责任的依据和标准。学者对侵权民事责任归责规则有不同的观点,对商标侵权民事责任适用何种归责规则尚有争论。商标侵权民事责任的归责规则关系到商标侵权行为的认定和侵权民事责任的确定,我国商标侵权民事责任不适用过错推定归责规则,在法律规定不以行为人的主观过错为商标侵权行为的构成要件的情况下适用无过错归责规则,在法律规定以行为人的主观过错为商标侵权行为的构成要件的情况下适用过错归责规则。     

再论环境侵权行为的举证责任

环境侵权行为区别于一般侵权行为的特点,使环境受害人受损的权益按照传统举证责任制度将因取证困难而难以获得有效救济.从实现社会公平正义,合理分配环境侵权案件当事人的举证责任出发,探讨环境侵权行为."事实自证原则"和"因果关系推定规则",分析环境侵权行为举证责任倒置体现的公平正义价值.     

论进一步完善我国环境侵权民事责任立法的必要性——兼评《侵权责任法》中环境污染责任条款

当前,环境污染事故频繁发生,环境侵权问题日益严重,由环境污染和生态破坏所造成的环境侵权现象及其救济已经成为我国一大社会问题。《侵权责任法》的出台,虽然完善了我国的环境责任条款,有利于环境被害人的救济和补偿。但我国现行有关环境侵权民事责任立法,在对环境侵权的界定,环境侵权行为认定中的归责原则、因果关系,环境侵权民事责任的承担方式方面仍然存在不足。基于严重的环境污染和生态破坏等环境侵权的现状,以及鉴于一些西方工业发达国家在环境侵权民事责任立法方面的成功经验,我国环境侵权民事责任立法仍有进一步完善的必要。     

环境侵权诉讼中因果关系推定的适用

环境侵权诉讼案件中,因果关系十分复杂,受害人要证明存在因果关系十分困难,因此,因果关系推定作为一种证明方法,可以减轻受害人的提出证据责任,帮助受害人实现其证明因果关系存在,得到各国推崇。各国都围绕因果关系推定提出了各种学说,包括疫学因果关系说、间接反证、表见证据说、概率因果关系说、设施责任说和违反注意义务说。本文重点介绍了各国学说,并分析了在环境侵权具体诉讼中应当如何适用因果关系推定规则。     

处理特殊侵权纠纷须注意的问题

侵权行为的民事责任是一种法律责任,一般情况下,民事责任的确定坚持过错原则。但对特殊侵权行为的责任,《民法通则》另有规定。不过,特殊侵权损宫赔偿纠纷往往案情复杂,处理难度大,司法实践中必须注意以下问题: 一、坚持无过错责任、推定过错责任和公平责任原则。一般侵权行为适用过错责任原则,特殊侵权行为则适用无过错责任、推定过错责任、公平责任三种不同原则。特殊侵权责任案件,无过错责任是主要的,推定过错责任是少数,公平责任原则是个别的,但他们同时并存,互为补充,共同构成了特殊侵权行为的民事责任体系。     

借鉴日本公害诉讼因果关系推定完善我国环境侵权诉讼

环境侵权行为构成要件中的因果关系包括责任成立的因果关系与责任范围的因果关系。在环境侵权诉讼中,应适用推定原则对因果关系进行司法认定。通过研究日本公害诉讼因果关系推定理论和实践,我们应注重以法的正义、公平理念为指导的法的价值评判,而且因此更重要的是其因果关系推定的方法也应该是多元化的,这样才能维护被害人的利益。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。