论法律人工智能的法理逻辑

法律人工智能的法理是"实践之法理",是证成法律人工智能实践之正当性的理据,它反映人工智能的技术理性与法律实践理性相融合以揭示法律运行的规律和特征,是"法外之理"的又一阐释。法律人工智能的法理逻辑在于辩护和证成,其价值不仅为法律人工智能提供法理解释和学理支撑,还在于规范和引导法律人工智能的发展。法律融合人工智能有其天然条件,探究其蕴含之法理是法律融合科技之法理的新命题,法理形式理性是辩护法律人工智能之法理的本质特征。法理之要义应在于指导人工智能理解和遵循立法及司法规律,符合法律任务的特征,满足法律实践的需求,定位和发挥"辅助手"的作用,最大限度地发挥人工智能的技术优势。     

Melancholy of the Law

Law and Critique - The paper attempts to construct a theoretical account of what melancholy—in a psychoanalytical and cultural sense—may mean for jurisprudence. It argues that the map...     

管制与法律的互动:经济法理论研究的起点和路径

管制(监管)与法律的互动不仅确立了政府管制(监管)在经济法理论研究中的重要地位,而且直接导致管制(监管)研究将对经济法基本理论问题的探索产生最为重要的影响。①这一命题可以从三个方面得到论证:首先,管制与法律的密切联系决定了有关政府管制(监管)的研究是经济学与法学的交叉地带;其次,作为国家干预重要方式的政府管制(监管)及其与法律之间的互动决定了经济法理论研究的逻辑起点和基本路径;再次,从管制与法律互动的角度,政府管制(监管)研究将对经济法有关国家适度干预的边界、经济法律的内在结构以及中国经济法体系框架构建等基本理论问题的研究产生重要影响。     

Forward to the past: Organized crime and Cuba’s history, present and future

Before the 1959 revolution, Cuba was virtually a Mafia fiefdom. However, as the future of Cuban leader Fidel Castro—and thus the entire revolutionary regime — becomes increasingly uncertain, there is growing reason to fear that history is about to repeat itself and Cuba will become a focus for organized criminality in the Caribbean, with an impact not just on the regional but global underworld. Cuba and its airspace and territorial waters have become important nodes on smuggling routes into the United States. While Havana may no longer be willing to turn a blind eye to the traffickers’ activities, it lacks the resources to interdict effectively or deter them. However, Cuba is also beginning to suffer from both domestic drug abuse and the first indications of organized criminality at home. This is very limited compared with the strength of Cuban-American organized crime in the United States, but does open up the prospect of these groups exploiting any weaknesses in Cuba to reestablish operations on the island. Although it is possible that the revolutionary regime might survive Castro, at the very least it will experience a turbulent transition, one in which power politics will divert attention from the problem of growing crime. Were the Cuban Communist Party to fall, either to a democratic revolution or a military coup, then either way this would probably generate increased domestic organized crime and open up the country even more rapidly to international criminal influences. Perhaps the final tragedy of the revolutionary regime, born out of a rejection of authoritarian rule and rampant organized crime, is that it will have proven to lay the foundations for an even more dynamic and voracious criminalization of Cuba. This article draws on an earlier, shorter piece: Mark Galeotti, “Organized crime gangs pose threat to Cuban development,” Jane's Intelligence Review, 18, 2 (2006).     

“商法通则”三大基本制度研究

目前,法学界对于"商法通则"的制定问题已经展开了讨论,但是,其中大部分的研究还只是停留在诸如是否要制定"商法通则",以及:"商法通则"的基本框架结构的层面上,而较少涉及"商法通则"所应规范的基本制度的研究.在"商法通则"所应规范的基本制度方面谈一些自己的意见,仅供立法者和研究者参考.     

论医疗损害技术鉴定危机与改革

法律规定的不完善以及法官对鉴定结论的依赖性造成了目前医疗鉴定中,医疗事故技术鉴定与法医学医疗鉴定共存的二元化局面。侵权责任法在民事赔偿上否定了医疗事故的概念,提出以医疗损害责任为核心的民事责任制度,使医疗鉴定面临了新的问题。医疗事故技术鉴定机制和法医学医疗鉴定机制都存在种种缺陷,不能完全满足侵权责任法对医疗鉴定的新的需求。无论是鉴定结论的固有属性还是侵权责任法的新的技术内容都要求对现有的医疗事故技术鉴定模式进行改革,建立起符合《侵权责任法》要求的医疗损害技术鉴定制度。     

构建比较民事诉讼法学科体系的新探索——评常怡教授新著《比较民事诉讼法》

比较法学是能为立法和法学理研究提供良好借鉴的方法和学科。《比较民事诉讼法》集十几年来民诉法学比较研究的成果,以中国民诉法理论框架为纲,创建了比较民事诉法新的学科体系。     

Issues in Anti‐Corruption Law: How Can Code of Conduct Laws Be Drafted in Order to Reduce Corruption in a Public Sector like Romania's

International organisations, like the UN and EU, have encouraged their Member States for years to increase civil servants' compliance with particular codes of conduct. Romania represents probably one of the most advanced countries in attempting to legislate on civil servant ethics through its Code of Conduct Law. Yet, the Romanian Code of Conduct Law possesses significant weaknesses, emanating both from the inherent difficulties of using hard law in a soft law area (like civil servants' ethics) and the Law's silence as to specific procedures, which government agencies should use in implementing the Law. Given these weaknesses, Romanian government agencies should adopt regulatory instruments that compensate for these weaknesses at the legislative level. In this paper, we present the provisions—particularly related to the establishment of agency‐level ethical doctrines—which regulatory drafters can use to implement these codes of conduct in a civil law system without running afoul of the basic requirements of civil law jurisprudence for clarity and predictability. We discuss the legal basis in Romanian administrative law for the elaboration of specific ethics‐related doctrines and the ways in which such a ‘doctrinal approach’ to administrative ethics can help achieve the objectives of the flawed Code of Conduct Law. We specifically discuss the ways in which Romanian governments can adopt such regulatory instruments and the types of provisions that should be included in order to help overcome the flaws of the Code of Conduct Law.     

俄罗斯刑法中的罪过论

罪过理论是刑法学最重要的组成部分。罪过问题一直都是世界各国刑法学界研究的热点,中国现行刑法中的罪过理论移植于前苏联,因此与苏俄的罪过理论有着历久弥新的传承关系。从罪过理论的历史沿革、罪过概念、罪过与犯罪构成、罪过与刑事责任根据的关系等宏观视角对俄罗斯刑法中的罪过问题进行全方位的探讨与分析,概括俄罗斯刑法中罪过思想的基本轮廓,可以为中国刑法学界罪过问题的研究提供借鉴。     

Justice Here and Now: A Personal Reflection on the Restorative and Community Justice Paradigms

Cuba has long had one of the lowest crime rates in Latin America and in the Americas generally. Incidents of crime against women such as rape and domestic violence, for example, appear to be lower in Cuba than in the rest of Latin America and the United States. Community organizations in Cuba play a significant role in controlling criminal activity by generating and sustaining citizen participation, generating an understanding of the nature of community crime, and helping to form partnerships for community policing. Cuba has attempted to obtain citizen participation in order to resolve social problems, including crime, by instilling a sense of community among its citizens and providing them with the structure of mass organizations that mobilize people on local, regional, and national levels. Residents attribute Cuba’s relatively low crime rate to the sense of community created and maintained by such mass organizations. This article focuses on the role that mass organizations and especially Committees for the Defense of the Revolution play in the Cuban experience of community policing and justice.     

苏联宪法学说对中国宪法学说的影响

苏联宪法学说对中国宪法学说的影响集中体现在20世纪50年代,但其影响过程前可追溯至20世纪20年代以降,后可延续至20世纪80、90年代。其影响的方式体现为翻译出版苏联宪法的教材、著作和论文,苏联法学专家直接开设"苏维埃国家法"课程介绍苏联宪法理论;影响的内容主要表现在宪法概念、宪法作用、宪法本质、宪法与法制和法治的关系、人民权利与公民权利、宪法学体系等方面;影响的结果可归结为宪法学研究"阶级斗争范式"的形成、以国家学说为核心的宪法学体系建构以及轻视宪法基础理论的研究。     

第八届全国经济法理论研讨会综述

2 0 0 0年 11月 14- 17日 ,第八届全国经济法理论研讨会在重庆隆重召开。在本次会议中 ,代表们就经济法不同领域中的问题提出了许多很有见地的新观点 ,展示了经济法研究领域的繁荣局面 ;同时对经济法基本理论中涉及的诸多基本问题达成了相当普遍的共识 ,表明我国法学界对经济法的研究正逐渐走向成熟。     

论行政法的方法论渊源

在回顾以凯尔森为首创的纯粹法学的基础上,主要论及其成为行政法的方法论渊源,从五个方面延伸:一、经验的实质的方法;二、准立法者;三、法位阶说;四、法化;五、法律关系等,进而提出纯粹法学在方法论上对未来行政法学发展的借鉴意义。     

行政法研究中的十个热点问题

行政法学研究中的十个热点问题是：平衡论、行政法基本原则、公法问题、软法问题、行政程序法的制定、行政诉讼法的修改、公众参与机制、行政性ADR、行政执法研究和案例行政法的发展。总结分析这十个问题，希望对行政法学研究有所帮助。     

关于经济犯罪刑法学研究方法的思考

刑法作为国家基本法，不以特定的社会关系作为其调整对象，而是作为其他法律的保障法，由此决定了刑法调整对象的广泛性、研究方法的多样性。但传统刑法学的研究方法．大都存在视野过窄或者方法单一的问题。对经济犯罪刑法学的研究，不管是理论刑法学还是应用刑法学都应坚持综合、历史、动态的方法．以实现部门法之间的一致性、协调性、统一性。     

刑法学的西方经验与中国现实

我国刑法学面临改造理论体系与增强问题意识的双重使命,为此,进行跨文化的刑法学研究是必要的。西方国家在刑法理论发展上有一些值得我们学习的经验,包括法官解释刑法,坚持刑法客观主义,刑法学方法多元化,问题思考与体系思考等。与之相对应,我国刑法学发展过程中却存在各种各样的问题。对我国未来的刑法学理论进行合理化改造有多种可能的路径,即必须以刑法客观主义立场为取向,建构阶层的犯罪论体系,坚持实质的犯罪论,加强对问题的思考。     

论刑法学与犯罪学研究的整体互动

在中国,犯罪学与刑法学彼此分离各自为“家”,导致了中国社会过于看重严刑峻法而忽视犯罪原因,使得犯罪虽受到严惩但犯罪情势依然十分严重。如何扭转这一现象,尽快使刑法学惩罚犯罪的研究与犯罪学预防犯罪的研究相互结合,构筑刑法学与犯罪学整体相互联动的格局,是中国社会实现社会稳定的现实政治需要,也是中国社会经济发展的自然要求,更是中国社会通过历史反思对历史的经验与教训进行总结的必然趋势,从而实现使中国的刑事政策从刑事惩罚为主到刑事预防为主的战略转移,刑事法理论对犯罪构成和刑事责任的重点研究为主要转移到对犯罪原因和犯罪预防为主的研究重点上来,以此迎接一个国家繁荣昌盛但犯罪并不猖獗疯狂的时代的到来。     

The performance of law students at a London college

This article examines the value of jurisprudence in legal education. It argues that jurisprudence should be mandated at an early stage of the students' law curriculum as the legal ideals that may be imparted through a jurisprudence course cannot be adequately taught in a professional ethics course or through teaching jurisprudential perspectives in doctrinal subjects. Law schools have a special responsibility to get students thinking about what law is, what makes law legitimate, and how law is related to justice, morality, politics and rationality. A mandatory jurisprudence course should be intentionally structured along these themes.     

北京市食品安全监管完善对策研究

国以民为本,民以食为天,食以安为先。北京市自2007年颁布《北京市食品安全条例》以来,其食品安全监管能力得到显著提高,管理体制日趋优化,法制体系渐行完备,但随着2009年《食品安全法》和《侵权责任法》的颁布,该条例已现滞后,许多方面需要加以修正与完善,这主要包括监管模式的迁变、执法理念的修正、源头监管的侧重、信息公示的完善、信用监管的确立、社会监管的激励、追溯系统的构建等。     

“科学主义”对大陆法系影响的考察与反思

中国当下法学界对法律知识属性及法学学科定位的探讨,正推动着新时期中国法律与法学的智识转型。而在此进程中,也开放和引发出了对＂科学主义＂问题的反思。由于＂科学主义＂渊源于大陆法系的知识脉络与谱系,再加上近代中国法治建设深受大陆法系的影响,因而,对于＂科学主义＂在欧陆产生的社会背景及其对大陆法系的影响进行考察和反思,便具有了深刻的意义。＂科学主义＂在近代欧陆国家的产生缘于近代西方自然科学的兴盛和欧陆各国公共领域的缺乏,而＂科学主义＂一经形成便对近代大陆法系产生了深刻影响并引发了诸多问题。实践表明,只有文化论法律观的引入和确立,才能从根本上超越和克服＂科学主义＂对法律及法学发展的不良影响。