利用肌原纤维小片化指数推断死亡时间

目的研究死后机体骨骼肌肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)与死亡时间之间的关系。方法双缩脲法测定室温下不同死后时间家兔骨骼肌全蛋白浓度,分光光度法测定540nm处0.5mg/mL蛋白浓度下的骨骼肌肌原纤维小片化指数。结果在死后早期,肌原纤维小片化指数随着时间延长逐步增高。结论肌原纤维小片化指数可用于早期死亡时间的推断。     

大鼠心肌组织中microRNA和18S rRNA的降解与死亡时间的相关性

目的探讨大鼠死后心肌组织中microRNA和18S rRNA的含量变化与死亡时间的关系。方法将SD大鼠断颈处死后置于25℃室温、50%湿度的环境中,于死后不同时间提取心肌组织中总RNA。利用实时荧光定量PCR检测大鼠心肌组织中miR-1-2和18S rRNA的含量变化,结果用循环阈值(Ct值)表示,分析死亡时间与Ct值的关系,最终建立死亡时间推断的回归分析方程。结果大鼠死后120h内心肌组织中miR-1-2含量无明显变化,此后开始下降;而18S rRNA含量在96 h内逐渐增多,随后开始缓慢下降。大鼠死后不同时间18S rRNA的Ct值以及18S rRNA和miR-1-2的ΔCt值与PMI呈非线性相关,二次曲线拟合的R2值分别为0.9487、0.8072。结论 18S rRNA的Ct值和18S rRNA与miR-1-2的ΔCt值与PMI之间存在明显非线性关系,可以作为早期死亡时间推断的指标。     

脑组织与法医学死亡时间推断

目前，通过脑组织推断死亡时间已经成为法医学领域研究的新热点，大量研究资料表明：死亡时间与脑组织细胞DNA、RNA、ATP含量及脑温度、脑组织血管内皮生长因子等变化有高度相关性。脑CT、MRI、磁共振波谱等检查手段对死亡时间的推断也有帮助。本文对国内外相关文献进行综述，以期为相关研究提供参考。     

免疫印迹检测人胸大肌肌钙蛋白I推断较晚期死后经过时间

目的研究人死后骨骼肌肌钙蛋白I(Skeletal troponn in I,sTnI)的变化规律,探讨较晚期死后经过时间推断方法。方法以人胸大肌为研究对象,利用免疫印迹(W estern b lot)结合图象分析技术半定量检测不同离体时间内人胸大肌sTnI的含量,观察其与离体时间的关系。结果人胸大肌sTnI含量随离体时间延长而逐渐下降,与离体时间的对数值呈近似的线性关系:Y=11 972.5-4 761.9 lgX,相关系数r=0.989;离体5d的人胸大肌仍可检出sTnI。结论检验人死后骨骼肌(胸大肌)sTnI的含量有望成为用于推断人体较晚期死后经过时间的新技术。     

死后眼组织变化与死亡时间推断

眼组织推断死亡时间一直是国内外法医学界的研究热点之一,从肉眼观到镜下观,从细胞水平到分子水平,不断有新的研究成果和报告出现。大量研究资料表明,随着死亡时间的延长,眼角膜、视网膜、玻璃体液及房水等均出现规律性的变化,并与死亡时间高度相关,可用于死亡时间推断。本文对其在法医学领域的研究进展作以综述。     

Estimation of postmortem interval using an electric impedance spectroscopy technique: A preliminary study

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid method for the estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) using electric impedance spectroscopy. Postmortem rat spleens were studied at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C; The results obtained demonstrated that postmortem interval negatively correlated with the absolute value of Im Z^// (capacitive reactance component) in electrical impedance. This suggests that electric impedance spectroscopy may be a sensitive tool to determine the postmortem interval.     

应用FTIR光谱技术推断死亡时间

目的 应用傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术分析大鼠死后组织、人体离体组织随死亡时间推移的化学降解过程,为死亡时间推断的研究提供新的途径与方法.方法 大鼠断颈处死后置于4℃、20℃、30℃环境,在不同死亡时间点提取大鼠不同组织;收集有同样死亡时间的人尸体组织,离体取材,并运用FFIR光谱仪测定不同化学基团随死后和离体后...     

利用多体素氢质子磁共振波谱推测死亡时间

目的利用多体素氢质子磁共振波谱推断死亡时间。方法选取12只白兔,利用多体素磁共振波谱测定死后0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、16、24h脑内N-乙酰天冬氨酸、胆碱复合物及磷酸肌酸和肌酸的代谢值。结果在死后24h内Naa/Cr、Naa/Ch随死亡时间的延长而降低;Ch/Cr先升高再下降,然后持续升高。结论经多体素质子磁共振研究,Naa/Cr、Naa/Ch、Ch/Cr死后改变呈现一定规律,可用于推断死亡时间。     

大鼠死后脑、心肌和肾组织β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系

目的 研究SD大鼠脑、心肌和肾组织细胞内β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系,为早期死亡时间的推断寻找新的指标.方法 大鼠处死后置于20℃的环境中,分别于死后不同时间点提取脑、心肌、肾的总RNA,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测总RNA中β-actin mRNA的水平(Ct值),分析死后经过时间与Ct...     

根据蝇类蛆长度变化系数θ推断尸体死亡时间

目的通过动物实验,探寻嗜尸蝇类蛆的生长长度与尸体死亡时间之间的关系,从而为判断尸体死亡时间提供参考依据。方法将实验用犬击毙后观察尸蝇来到犬尸上的时间、产卵时间、卵期、蛆增长到规定长度所需时间。结果证实蛆虫长度与尸体死亡时间存在正相关性,并进而推算出相关系数θ,从而推导出了一个通过蛆虫长度计算尸体死亡时间的公式。结论通过实际案例的验证,通过该公式可以计算出尸体的大致死亡时间。     

Estimation of postmortem interval using kinetic analysis of the third component of complement (C3) cleavage

To estimate postmortem interval (PMI), spontaneous cleavage of the third component of complement (C3) was studied in aged blood and cadaveric blood by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Using the kinetics of C3 cleavage in vitro described as dC/dt = -kC, where C is the concentration of native C3 at time t and k is a first-order rate constant, Arrhenius' equation, and another equation which assumes a linear drop of body temperature after death, the percentages of C3 cleavage were calculated. There was a significant positive correlation between the calculated percentages and the measured percentages of up to 10% in cadaveric blood. We found that the comparison between the calculated percentage of C3 cleavage for each optional postmortem interval and the measured percentage of up to 10% in cadaveric blood leads to the estimation of PMI. This approach is one step towards the development of an accurate method for determining PMI based on C3 cleavage, that is, on a first-order reaction.     

利用人体标本进行死亡时间推断的研究现状

死亡时间(PMI)推断具有重要的法医学意义,但尚无可以应用在实践领域的PMI推断方法。本文从PMI推断的实践应用角度出发,从脏器、骨骼、骨骼肌、牙齿、牙龈以及大体观、毛发、皮肤和血液等角度,对利用人体标本进行死亡时间推断的研究现状进行了综述。希望对我国开展人体标本的PMI推断实践研究提供借鉴。     

利用房水钾离子浓度推断死亡时间的实验研究

目的探讨利用房水中钾离子浓度进行死亡时间推断的可行性。方法30只家兔随机分为10组,以空气栓塞法处死后,于不同的死亡时间点分别采集房水和玻璃体;用Vitros 950干式自动生化仪对所有样本中的K+、Na+、Ca2+三种离子进行浓度测定;用SPSS统计软件对测定数据进行回归分析。结果房水中钾离子浓度变化与死亡时间呈高度相关,对应的回归方程为:PMI=1.572-0.597×[K+]+0.107×[K+]2-0.002×[K+]3。其相关系数(R2=0.95)明显高于同批样本的玻璃体钾离子浓度与死亡时间的相关系数(R2=0.5)。房水、玻璃体液的Na+、Ca2+浓度与死亡时间的相关性不明显。结论利用房水钾离子浓度推断死亡时间可获得较好的准确度。     

Estimation of postmortem interval from hypoxic inducible levels of vascular endothelial growth factor

Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is one of the most important tasks in forensic medicine. Five autopsy organ tissues such as brain, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys were taken at the time of forensic autopsy from 19 known PMI cases with a range of postmortem intervals ranging from 1 to 120 h (the mean was 25.81 h), and the time-course of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was measured. The human hepatoma-derived Hep 3B cell line was used as a control. The levels of VEGF increased linearly with the PMI up to 20 h in lung (r = 0.95 and in kidney (r = 0.89), and up to 15 h PMI in liver (r = 0.88). The VEGF levels fell after 24 h PMI, and then remained stable. In brain, the levels of VEGF started to increase after 24 h PMI and increased linearly with PMI up to 40 h in brain (r = 0.94) and then begin to fall. In heart, there was no clear correlation between the PMI and VEGF level. Some variations occurred in selected cases, such as the infant and asphyxial deaths. In conclusion, measurement of hypoxia-inducible levels of VEGF in various body organs appears to be a useful method of estimating the PMI up to 24 h in forensic medicine and pathophysiology. This method is also probably applicable in ischaemia in clinical and basic medicine.     

Estimation of postmortem interval in real cases based on experimentally obtained entomological evidence

Using the entomological evidence obtained in several forensic cases analyzed in our laboratory for comparison, we evaluated the results of an experimental study carried out in a semiurban setting to determine the structure of the sarcosaprophagous fauna from a Mediterranean region of SE Spain. In all, 18 orders of arthropods were collected. The summarized experimental results refer to the most important taxa for estimating the postmortem interval. Thus, the seasonal character of certain Diptera species, such as Phaenicia sericata, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomya albiceps and Musca domestica, is cited. Among the Coleoptera, the role of Dermestidae as a necrophagous species, and of Staphylinidae and Histeridae as necrophilous, or Cleridae, Tenebrionidae and Nitidulidae as omnivorous, as well as their appearance on the corpse, is described. Among the Hymenoptera, Formicidae were as the most abundant group, acting as omnivores and not apparently related to any particular decomposition stage. The real cases are discussed using data from the literature and the experimentally obtained results. In every case, the most relevant factors for estimating PMI are briefly discussed, mentioning, when possible, the relation with the experimental results. We confirm the significance of the experimental results because they seem to be applicable to actual forensic cases, the details of which enlarge our very little knowledge on the subject in the Iberian Peninsula. The importance of regional faunistic studies of the sarcosaprophagous arthropod community, the results of which may be applied to forensic practice, is mentioned.     

Estimation of short-term postmortem interval utilizing core body temperature: a new algorithm

The use of temperature-based short-term postmortem interval (PMI) estimation methods can be useful to homicide investigators at the scene of a questionable death; however, a number of current PMI estimation techniques have high error rates such that they are of limited utility to law enforcement investigators and forensic professionals. These methods fail to control confounding errors present in individual data. An averages-based method of short term postmortem interval estimation was compared to eight other methods, and found to predict postmortem interval considerably more accurately, and for much longer periods of time.     

磁共振波谱技术推测不同温度下的死亡时间

目的利用单体素质子磁共振波谱技术推断不同温度下的死亡时间(postmortem interval,PMI),探讨不受外界环境温度影响下推断PMI的可行性。方法选取24只白兔,分为A组(10℃)、B组(30℃),利用磁共振单体素波谱测定死后0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、16和24h脑内N-乙酰天冬氨酸(N-acetyl-aspartate,Naa)、胆碱复合物(Choline,Cho)、磷酸肌酸和肌酸(phosphocreatine and creatine,Cr)峰下面积(相对含量)及各代谢物之间相对含量的比值。结果在死后24h内Naa和Cr峰下面积随PMI的延长而减少,Naa/Cr、Cho/Cr随PMI的延长而降低。回归分析:自变量为Naa/Cr的二次多项式方程为:y=0.0019x2-0.803x 1.4498(R2=0.962);自变量为Cho/Cr的二次多项式方程为:y=-0.0024x2 0.926x 1.1777(R2=0.986)。用Naa/Cr的方程推测PMI,当PMI<24h时,平均偏离时间为2.10～37.90min,用Cho/Cr的方程推测PMI,当PMI<24h时,平均偏离时间为1.69～40.87min。结论Naa/Cr、Cho/Cr的死后变化与时间呈强相关性且受环境温度影响不大,可用于不同温度下PMI推断。     

Estimation of postmortem interval by arthropod succession. Three case studies from the Hawaiian Islands

Three instances of estimation of postmortem interval using computer-assisted entomological techniques on the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands are presented. While postmortem intervals were similar for all cases (4-5 1/2 days), recovery of the remains in differing habitats (xerophytic, mesophytic, and swamp) on the island resulted in significant differences in gross appearance of the remains, which could have resulted in the determination of different postmortem intervals in the absence of entomological techniques.     

蛋白质降解与死亡时间推断的初步研究

目的观察大鼠肝脏肌动蛋白、微管蛋白在死后不同时间的降解情况,为死亡时间的推断寻找客观依据。方法大鼠麻醉致死后置于21℃温度控制系统模拟死后18d的改变,在不同时间点剪取肝脏组织抽提蛋白质,利用westernblot技术检测肌动蛋白、微管蛋白的降解变化并对产物进行半定量分析。结果大鼠肝脏肌动蛋白在死后8d尚可检测,死亡10d后检测不到;在死后2d,α微管蛋白已检测不到,但可检测到β微管蛋白,死亡4d后,β微管蛋白也检测不到。结论肌动蛋白、微管蛋白的死后降解存在差异,其在肝脏组织保存时间的不同可作为死亡时间推断的参数。