破产语境下应收账款质权的保护与限制

破产法平衡保护应收账款质权人和其他利害关系人权益。评价质权人在破产程序中的优先权及其顺位时,原则上应遵循登记在先、顺位在先规则;第三债务人抗辩和抵销权的行使应受保护,在接到通知前取得的反对债权得对出质人行使抵销权,但违背破产法禁止抵销的除外;出质人应维持基础交易合同的效力,否则对质权人不发生效力,但基础交易合同的相对方依法行使合同法上的解除、终止等权利,或者出质人的管理人行使破产解除权则不受此限制;以将有债权出质的,出.质人破产时新增将有债权是否纳入质物范围,应根据不同类型区别对待;质权人行权应受破产程序的约束,但质权人可通过私力救济方式实现债权,当第三债务人破产时,行权有其独特规则。     

破产语境下应收账款质权的保护与限制

破产法平衡保护应收账款质权人和其他利害关系人权益。评价质权人在破产程序中的优先权及其顺位时,原则上应遵循登记在先、顺位在先规则;第三债务人抗辩和抵销权的行使应受保护,在接到通知前取得的反对债权得对出质人行使抵销权,但违背破产法禁止抵销的除外;出质人应维持基础交易合同的效力,否则对质权人不发生效力,但基础交易合同的相对方依法行使合同法上的解除、终止等权利,或者出质人的管理人行使破产解除权则不受此限制;以将有债权出质的,出.质人破产时新增将有债权是否纳入质物范围,应根据不同类型区别对待;质权人行权应受破产程序的约束,但质权人可通过私力救济方式实现债权,当第三债务人破产时,行权有其独特规则。     

Financial Crisis Countermeasures: Legal Researches on Japanese Financial Institutions Bankruptcy

伴随着泡沫经济崩溃金融系统问题爆发,日本经历了从出台特例措施应对金融机构个别破产事件,到制定和完善法律,以使金融机构破产处理走向制度化的过程.通过完善存款保险金制度,充实资金援助机制,确立金融整顿管财人、继承银行等金融机构破产处理的常规措施和专门的金融危机应对措施,《存款保险法》使金融机构破产处理制度得以恒久化；而《金融机构重组程序特例法》为行政处理手法之外,提供了金融机构破产处理的司法程序.这些制度适应了金融机构破产处理措施所要求的尽早预防、业务继续、保护存款人、集团处理以及责任追及等特性,显示日本金融机构破产处理法制已基本完善.     

金融危机的应对:以日本银行业金融机构破产处理法律为例

伴随着泡沫经济崩溃金融系统问题爆发,日本经历了从出台特例措施应对金融机构个别破产事件,到制定和完善法律,以使金融机构破产处理走向制度化的过程。通过完善存款保险金制度,充实资金援助机制,确立金融整顿管财人、继承银行等金融机构破产处理的常规措施和专门的金融危机应对措施,《存款保险法》使金融机构破产处理制度得以恒久化;而《金融机构重组程序特例法》为行政处理手法之外,提供了金融机构破产处理的司法程序。这些制度适应了金融机构破产处理措施所要求的尽早预防、业务继续、保护存款人、集团处理以及责任追及等特性,显示日本金融机构破产处理法制已基本完善。     

通过破产法解决地方政府债务危机——美国的经验和启示

在美国,地方政府因公益而不倒,又因宪法明文禁止州立法修正契约义务,故当地方政府陷入债务清偿不能的困境时,往往只能借助联邦《破产法》为地方政府的经济复兴赢得时间。通过破产法框架解决地方政府债务危机固然有其优势所在,但也有其无法克服的局限。加之地方政府债务困境的复杂成因,因此要解决部分城市所出现的系统性危机,必须将联邦层面的破产法机制与州层面的积极财政干预有机地结合起来。我国目前愈演愈烈的地方债危机的化解可在相当程度上参酌美国的成熟经验。以中国所面临的实际问题为着眼点,未来我国要注重构建法定的地方政府债务调整程序以及建立出现地方债危机时上级政府的应急介入机制,从而把地方债的治理纳入法治的轨道。     

Universities and Technology Transfer in Japan: Recent Reforms in Historical Perspective

The Japanese government has embarked on a series of reforms aimed at stimulating technology transfer from universities to industry. As a result, technology licensing offices are springing up at many national universities. Advocates hope that these reforms will increase the level of university patenting and licensing, which historically has not been a common mode of technology transfer in Japan. Their model is the technology licensing process in the United States, which acquired its present form after passage of the Bayh-Dole Technology Transfer Act of 1980. Such changes face serious historical and institutional barriers. Academic researchers, especially in engineering and physical science, have a long record of collaborative research with industry. Decisions about patenting, however, were usually left to the corporate partner; universities rarely filed for patents under their own name, nor have they, until recently, encouraged or assisted faculty researchers in doing so. Consequently, we believe that current reforms, by going against the grain of past practices, will take time to achieve the hoped for results.     

英美法对我国30年来法制改革的影响

英美法与大陆法的划分,仍是一项有益的认识工具。改革开放以来,英美法对我国法制改革产生了较大影响,这主要表现在:诉讼程序上增强当事人主义色彩,司法组织上确立普通法院的行政审判权,推动司法判决发挥更大的作用,建立英美法特色的具体法律制度,以及法律职业者培养方式改革等方面。考察和反思英美法的这些影响,能给我们若干启示。     

Judges,Conflict, and the Past

Drawing upon interviews with senior judicial figures in Northern Ireland, South Africa and elsewhere, this article considers the role of the judiciary in a political conflict. Using the socio‐legal literature on judicial performance and audience as well as transitional justice scholarship, the article argues that judges in Northern Ireland ‘performed’ to a number of ‘imagined’ audiences including Parliament, ‘the public', and their judicial peers – all of which shaped their view of the judicial role. In light of ongoing efforts to deal with the past in the jurisdiction, and the experiences of other transitional societies, the article argues that the judiciary can and should engage in a mature, reflexive and, where appropriate, self‐critical examination of the good and bad of their own institutional history during the conflict. It also argues that such a review of judicial performance requires an external audience in order to encourage the judiciary to see truth beyond the limits of legalism.     

破产理念的立法演变与破产程序的驱动机制

免责制度产生之前 ,破产主要是作为债权人执行债权的工具和手段存在的 ,旨在最大限度地发掘债务人的财产 ;破产程序的推动主要依靠债务人基于免责可能获得的经济利益。其后 ,免责、自愿破产加上自由财产制度的确立 ,成为自然人破产得以长盛不衰的三大利益支点。当有限责任制度在立法上和实务中得到广泛承认和推行之后 ,债务人本来只能通过破产程序才能获得的免责利益则可通过有限责任的方式直接实现 ,此时企业破产立法的重心发生了移转 ,促使债务人提出破产申请的动因更多地转向破产预防制度可能为其带来的诸多益处上。     

中国的跨界破产法:现状、问题及发展

在研究中国破产法的现状（集中在有关跨界破产的立法空白及不成熟的司法实践）和引起广泛关注的广东国际信托投资公司破产案的基础上，作者根据国际上的最新发展，特别是联合国国际贸易法委员会跨界破产示范法和欧盟破产程序规则中的一些重要原则，对中国的跨界破产立法提出了若干建议：在普遍性原则与地域性原则的基础问题上，应当采取较为开放的态度，并应设计具体的制度去支持；在管辖权方面，既要维护中国债权人的利益，同时也需要适当的管辖权自限；最后，应注意加强跨界破产案件中的国际合作，对外国破产程序给予适当的承认与协助。     

Remaking the House and Senate: Personal Power,Ideology, and the 1970s Reforms

Although much has been written on the critical congressional reforms of the 1970s, few studies have analyzed support for reform systematically. In this article, we draw upon previously untapped sources of information that make an individual‐level, quantitative analysis possible. We analyze 20 indicators that measure support for a wide variety of reforms in both chambers. Our results reveal a remarkably consistent pattern: in virtually every case, junior members and liberals were more pro‐reform than were senior members and conservatives. Also, Republicans were often more likely than Democrats to back reform. Our findings challenge the view that the reform movement was essentially a Democratic party phenomenon; liberals and junior members in both parties—not just Democrats—supported reform.     

Laws, Models, and Real People: Choice of Chapter in Personal Bankruptcy

It has been a central assumption in bankruptcy policy debates that financially troubled persons faced with bankruptcy will respond to economic incentives and disincentives. Two provisions of the Bankruptcy Code (Chapters 7 and 13) are most commonly used by individual debtors. Under Chapter 7 debtors agree to give up all their property (n excess of state-determined exemptions) to a trustee for sale and distribution to creditors. Under Chapter 13 debtors keep all their property but agree to pay all or part of their debts over three to five years. This empirical study of fifteen hundred consumers in three states explores whether economic incentives and disincentives are in fact the chief factors influencing choice of chapter. The analysis demonstrates that while economic factors play a part, noneconomic factors are also significant, among them intra- and interstate migration, marital status, self-employment, state of residence, and local legal culture. We conclude that to explore fully how individual decisions are made, the simplistic economic model must be replaced by a more sophisticated model that accounts for both economic and noneconomic factors.     

破产法:美国的经验与启示

美国破产法经过长期的发展,于1978年确立了现行的制度架构。美国《破产法》关于公司破产的内容,主要体现在第7章和第11章中,也就是其中有关清算程序和重组程序的规定中。分析的结果显示,破产法面临内在的矛盾或冲突,不能同时消除"存伪"和"去真"两种错误,也不能同时实现事前效率和正确的投资与申请破产决策。从破产法的实际操作来看,无论清算还是重组,都会造成一定的价值损失。中国还处在从计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,为了解决预算软约束问题,需要严格的破产法。这样的破产法将是债权人导向的或者说对债权人友好的,将更多地运用清算程序。     

解构住房反向抵押——一种新型抵押模式的解读与建构

始自上个世纪80年代,在一些发达国家推行的住房反向抵押,具有明显不同于一般抵押的特点,实属一种新的特殊抵押方式。我国关于住房反向抵押的法律规定,处于空白状态。建构我国住房反向抵押制度具有强大的现实诉求。构建我国住房反向抵押制度应注意多种问题。     

Data security: Past,present and future

The loss by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) of two CDs containing 25 million child benefit details has changed the data security landscape forever. No longer is data security the exclusive and rather arcane preserve of spotty technology professionals or data protection lawyers. HMRC has thrust data security onto the front pages of the mainstream media and brought it very suddenly to the top of the political and commercial agendas of senior politicians and boards of directors. In this article, the author will outline the reasons behind the rise of data security as a front line issue and examine the lessons to be learnt from HMRC. He will analyse the different facets of data security risk and explore ways in which organisations can go about managing it. He will outline the attitude of regulators to data security and where regulatory developments are likely to take us. The final part of the article looks into the future, with particular focus on the emergence of privacy enhancing technologies.     

The Quiet‐Loud‐Quiet Politics of Post‐Crisis Consumer Bankruptcy Law: The Case of Ireland and the Troika

A decade after the Global Financial Crisis, many developed economies continue to strain under excessive household debt. This article presents evidence suggesting that the failure of policymakers to enact debt relief measures may lie in the superior influence of the coordinated and concentrated financial sector over legislative processes, as compared to the diffuse and disorganised interests of consumer debtors. Post‐crisis popular interest in technical issues of personal insolvency law created only a narrow space of political opportunity. Soon these questions returned to the domain of technocratic actors and corporate influence. The article examines this situation through an inter‐disciplinary case study of consumer bankruptcy reform in Ireland under ‘Troika’ supervision. Proposals initially billed as assisting over‐indebted households developed into increasingly creditor‐friendly legislation in ‘quieter’ stages of technocratic decision‐making. The stark implications of these findings highlight obstacles to resolving household debt problems and consequent risks of economic and political instability.     

Survival Rates in Bankruptcy Systems: Overlooking the Evidence

Extensive research on bankruptcy still has not made it possible to end the efficiency discussion concerning the need for a reorganization provision in bankruptcy laws. In this paper, I discuss the pervasiveness of asset sales in bankruptcy procedures and the effect it has on survival rates. Without these figures on going concern asset sales Western countries show astonishingly low firm survival rates. In addition, it becomes clear that the bankruptcy system in the US may be under-researched to such an extent that it seriously confounds our view of bankruptcy resolution.