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1.
Stephen J. Caldas 《Society》2008,45(1):30-34
This article scrutinizes the inconsistencies in the 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger Supreme Court decision which upheld the University
of Michigan’s law school affirmative action policy. The decision, which now governs university admissions policies in all
50 states, ruled that “diversity” remains a compelling state interest that legally justifies discriminating between individuals
on the basis of their race in determining college admissions. This article examines two incongruous justifications offered
by the Grutter court in justification for their ruling: the “critical mass” justification and the no “undo harm” argument.
Neither rationale is able to withstand careful, logical examination.
相似文献
Stephen J. CaldasEmail: |
2.
This article examines how international institutions serve to diffuse human rights norms and create judicial capacity building
in post-conflict societies. Specifically, we examine how the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
and the Office of the High Representative have influenced the reform of domestic courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). We
place these reforms within the broader debate over restructuring the complex system of government in BiH. Since 2005, domestic
courts in BiH have had jurisdiction over the following: (1) Cases which were initially under the jurisdiction of the domestic
courts but remanded to the ICTY and recently returned to BiH. (2) Cases which originated at the ICTY and have been transferred
to the State Court, and (3) new cases which originated and remained in the domestic court system. We find that while human
rights norms have been incorporated into the new legal code, the diffusion of these human rights norms has been inadequate
because of the lack of judicial capacity building. While some courts in the capital enjoy significant resources, the vast
majority of cases will be tried at provincial courts which are under-funded and unable to prosecute the significant number
of cases. Moreover, the government structure of BiH has had a decidedly negative impact on the prosecution of these cases.
Ultimately, the rule of law requires consistency of approach and funding to protect human rights throughout the state.
相似文献
Lilian A. Barria (Corresponding author)Email: |
Steven D. RoperEmail: |
3.
Alex Fielding 《Human Rights Review》2008,9(4):513-523
In the wake of globalisation, we have witnessed the rise of the transnational corporation—powerful, new players in an international
human rights system ill-equipped to handle the challenge. Despite the best efforts of the United Nations, international treaties
and human rights lawyers the world over, there is simply no mandatory international code of corporate conduct targeting human
rights practices. Enter the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), a once-obscure U.S. statute that provides a private cause of action
for violations of international human rights law committed by governmental and non-governmental actors. This paper will examine
recent ATCA jurisprudence, the landmark Unocal settlement, and the ATCA’s role in reining in Yahoo! Inc. for supplying evidence
used to convict Chinese dissidents Wang Xiaoning and Shi Tao.
Alex Fielding received his B.A. degree from Augustana University College and his LL.B. degree from the University of Victoria. He is currently articling with Stikeman Elliot LLP in Vancouver, BC. 相似文献
Alex FieldingEmail: |
Alex Fielding received his B.A. degree from Augustana University College and his LL.B. degree from the University of Victoria. He is currently articling with Stikeman Elliot LLP in Vancouver, BC. 相似文献
4.
Judicial activism is a contested phenomenon, with the liberals and even the conservatives championing it while denouncing
its particular manifestations. In this article, I examine the recent judicial practice of one of the most activist judiciaries
in the world, that of India, where progressive politics is often, and sometimes always, associated with an activist and benign
court. Indeed, the Indian Supreme Court has a global reputation as a torchbearer on human rights. In this article, I adopt
a social movement perspective to understand the actual impact of the court on the struggles of the poor for livelihood, resources,
values, and identity, enacted through struggles for the recognition and realization of economic, social, and cultural rights.
After an analysis of the record of the Supreme Court of India, I conclude that the Court has increasingly shown a bias against
the poor in its activist rulings and made judicial activism a more problematic device for social movements in India to rely
upon. To explain why this is happening, the article introduces two ideas: first, the emergence of the judiciary as an organ
of governance and its attendant problems, and second, the internally biased nature of the rights discourse which tends to
reproduce binary arguments for either increasing State capacity or for increasing choice of goods in the marketplace. The
article concludes by exploring lessons from the jurisprudence of other countries and international law and urges the Indian
Supreme Court to reinvent a jurisprudence informed more by the social movements of the poor.
A shorter version of this article is forthcoming as “Judicial Governance and the Ideology of Human Rights: Reflections from
a Social Movement Perspective” in C. Rajkumar and K. Chockalingam (eds.) Human Rights, Criminal Justice, and Constitutional Empowerment: Essays in Honor of Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer (Oxford University Press, India edition, 2006).
相似文献
Balakrishnan RajagopalEmail: |
5.
Helen Hershkoff 《Human Rights Review》2009,10(2):157-181
The practice of using courts to foster social change, once confined to the USA, has emerged as a worldwide phenomenon. Foreign
practice reflects indigenous forms but faces criticisms similar to that in the USA: that it is ineffective, antidemocratic,
and counterproductive. The essay meets these criticisms, first, by recasting US public law litigation as a form of politics
that challenges the status quo by forging alliances, changing discursive frames, and disciplining private and public decision
making. Looking abroad, the essay emphasizes public law litigation as a meditative institution that facilitates political
action and aids in regulatory enforcement where administrative mechanisms are weak or regulation requires ongoing elaboration.
Finally, the essay suggests that criticisms of public law litigation tend to neglect three factors: the actual and not assumed
comparative advantages of different institutional actors, the role of temporal conditions in affecting social change, and
the ubiquity of complex, not dichotomous, relations.
相似文献
Helen HershkoffEmail: |
6.
James M. Avery 《Political Behavior》2007,29(3):327-342
In contrast to what we know about the sources of political trust among whites, recent research suggests that political mistrust
among blacks indicates discontent with the political system. The current study adds to research investigating racial differences
in political trust by examining racial differences in the influence of the 2000 United States presidential election on political
trust. Specifically, I test for whether whites and blacks adjusted their trust in government in response to the Supreme Court’s
decision in Bush versus Gore (2000) and whether the influence of the Court’s decision on trust was dependent on partisan identification. The findings
indicate that blacks perceived the Court’s decision as illegitimate, reinforcing their mistrust in their political system.
相似文献
James M. AveryEmail: |
7.
Marc Bühlmann Wolfgang Merkel Lisa Müller Bernhard Weßels 《Politische Vierteljahresschrift》2008,49(1):114-122
Ohne Zusammenfassung
* Die vier Autor(inn)en arbeiten in einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt des NCCR Democracy (vom Schweizerischen Nationalfonds
finanziertes National Centre of Competence in Research: Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century) und des WZB an einem „Demokratiebarometer“ für die 30 OECD-Staaten, das die Ignoranz der 0-Varianz bei Polity und Freedom House aufkl?ren will.
相似文献
Marc Bühlmann (Corresponding author)Email: |
Wolfgang MerkelEmail: |
Lisa MüllerEmail: |
Bernhard We?elsEmail: |
8.
Aimee Bolletino 《Human Rights Review》2008,9(4):491-511
The Colombian military and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) have committed systematic attacks against the
Colombian people that violate international law. One such heinous incident took place in May 2003 at the Betoyes Guahibo indigenous
reserve in Colombia. Unlike other acts of terror, the attack at the Reserve is well documented. Because of this, the attack
on the Reserve is an excellent case for International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecution. This article exposes acts of cruelty
and makes a persuasive moral case for ICC prosecution. The ICC has jurisdiction over the attack on the Betoyes people by the
AUC and Colombian military. The article further discusses the potential legal exposure of the Colombian government, individual
Colombians and US individuals through its military support and training of the Colombian military.
相似文献
Aimee BolletinoEmail: |
9.
The case of the erased residents of Slovenia – when approximately 18,000 people who were mostly of Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian
ethnicity, were erased from the permanent residence registry of the Republic of Slovenia – represents one of the most severe
cases of administrative ethnic/racial discrimination and human rights violations in the post-communist East and Central Europe
outside the conflict area. The erasure caused “civil death” of the people who were affected by the measure, depriving them
of civil, political, social, and economic rights. In 2007, 4 years after the 2003 Constitutional Court decision, declaring
the 1992 erasure an unconstitutional act of the state and requiring the legislator to adopt measures to reinstate the statuses
of the erased people, the problem remains unsolved and unaddressed both systemically and individually, and the situation of
erasure persists. This article presents the case and analyses of the framework that made the erasure possible in terms of
the preparation of the majority of Slovenes to accept and even support the violations and politicians to renounce their political
responsibility to those who have lost the right to have rights.
This article is based on the insights of the research project Contemporary Citizenship: Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion (2000–2003) led by Vlasta Jalušič. The analysis of the case of erased was published in Jasminka Dedić, Vlasta Jalušič, and
Jelka Zorn (eds.), The Erased: Organized Innocence and the Politics of Exclusion, translated from Slovenian by Olga Vuković and Marjana Karer (Ljubljana: Peace Institute, 2003), at . The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewer for the extensive and most helpful comments.
相似文献
Vlasta Jalušič (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jasminka DedićEmail: |
10.
11.
We argue that the post-9/11 environment has amounted to a substantive change in the longstanding United States relationship
with the international human rights regime. We identify three distinct phases of that relationship, noting that in the most
recent phase, since 9/11, the US has moved from passive support of the international human rights regime to a direct attack
of that regime. Realist and liberal regime theories suggest that the human rights regime is relatively weak, and is unlikely
to withstand such an attack. We find that the regime has not only continued to persist, but has flourished even as US support
has faltered. The human rights regime is surprisingly strong. We argue it is the ideological nature of the regime that explains
its resilience, which suggests that constructivist theory is necessary to fully understand the human rights regime.
相似文献
Rhonda L. CallawayEmail: |
12.
Elena Pariotti 《Human Rights Review》2009,10(2):139-155
During this age of globalisation, the law is characterised by an ever diminishing hierarchical framework, with an increasing
role played by non-state actors. Such features are also pertinent for the international enforceability of human rights. With
respect to human rights, TNCs seem to be given broadening obligations, which approach the borderline between ethics and law.
The impact of soft law in this context is also relevant. This paper aims to assess whether, and to what extent, this trend
could be a proper path to enforce the legal accountability of transnational corporations for human rights. It will be argued
that the interplay between law and ethics should be assessed differently depending on which kind of correlative duty is at
stake. With regard to negative duties, soft law tools concerning TNCs’ conduct may weaken the impact of hard law. By contrast,
when positive duties are concerned, insofar as the horizontal effect of rights cannot be assumed, soft law turns out to be
much more useful.
相似文献
Elena PariottiEmail: |
13.
Daniel P. L. Chong 《Human Rights Review》2009,10(2):183-204
In recent years, dozens of human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) across the globe have begun to advocate for
economic and social rights, which represents a significant expansion of the human rights movement. This article investigates
a central strategy that NGOs have pursued to realize these rights: legalization. Legalization involves specifying rights as
valid legal rules and enforcing them through judicial or quasi-judicial processes. After documenting some of the progress
made toward legalization, the article analyzes five unique challenges involved in legalizing economic and social rights. It
is important to identify these challenges because they must be overcome if the human rights movement wishes to refute the
notion that economic and social rights are inherently non-justiciable (and therefore, to some, invalid as rights). These challenges also point to the possibility that legalization is not the only, or even the best, strategic pathway to
realize economic and social rights effectively.
相似文献
Daniel P. L. ChongEmail: |
14.
Laura Ymayo Tartakoff 《Society》2008,45(4):363-367
A law school dean, a university president, a scholarly judge, and the head of the Foreign Ministry division in charge of Chile’s
frontiers agree: The Constitution of 1980 was the initial turning point in Chile’s transition from autocracy to pluralism.
相似文献
Laura Ymayo TartakoffEmail: |
15.
Between 1904 and 1908, German colonialists in German South West Africa (GSWA, known today as Namibia) committed genocide and
other international crimes against two indigenous groups, the Herero and the Nama. From the late 1990s, the Herero have sought
reparations from the German government and several German corporations for what occurred more than a hundred years ago. This
article examines and contextualizes the issues concerning reparations for historical human rights claims. It describes and
analyzes the events in GSWA at the time. It further explores whether international humanitarian law and international human
rights law today permit reparatations to be obtained. The article therefore examines the origins of international criminal
law, as well as international human rights and humanitarian law, to determine whether what occurred then were violations of
the law already in force. Finally, the article examines and evaluates the Herero reparations cases, as well as the potential
impact of the cases on the wider reparations movement that sees an increasing number of claims for events that occurred during
colonial times.
相似文献
Jeremy SarkinEmail: |
16.
17.
Marta Selinger 《Human Rights Review》2008,9(1):15-27
The protection of rights of freedom of speech and assembly for gays and lesbians in Poland has come under greater international
scrutiny because of the mismanagement of peaceful demonstrations throughout Poland in 2005. An overview and context of the
political, economic, and social transformation of Poland in the 1990s shows a flourish of activity among gays and lesbians
as the economic and political spheres open, as well as weaker law enforcement during the rapid change to capitalism and democracy.
Although society has opened dramatically and tolerance has grown recently, the concept of protecting minority rights for gays
and lesbians in Poland continues to be weak in public opinion, laws, and the top sources of opinion.
相似文献
Marta SelingerEmail: |
18.
Brad K. Blitz 《Human Rights Review》2008,9(1):123-135
In anticipation of Croatia’s accession to the European Union, this article assesses the way in which the state has come to
terms with the Serbian question and the practice of non-discrimination in the justice sector. The first part offers an historical
review of the Serbian question in Croatia and the main laws that discriminated against non-Croats during the war and rule
of President Franjo Tudjman (1991–1999). The second part evaluates the nature of judicial reform in light of the external
demands placed on Croatia to improve relations with the Serbian minority and recent rulings from the European Court of Human
Rights, which have questioned the capacity of the Croatian judiciary to provide an effective remedy in cases of human rights
violations.
相似文献
Brad K. BlitzEmail: |
19.
Dean MacCannell 《Society》2008,45(4):334-337
Critics of the concept fail to note that staged authenticity is not authenticity but its opposite or negation. This error is illustrated referencing Ed Bruner’s reading of The Tourist in his recent book Culture on Tour.
相似文献
Dean MacCannellEmail: |
20.
This paper argues that the views of Charles Taylor on justice in income and wealth distribution are fallacious, especially
in regard to issues such as private property rights, justice, human rights, and theft. As to this last point, Taylor maintains
it is possible, under certain circumstances, to “legitimately steal.” We regard this as a philosophical howler of the first
order. We also demur from his contention that equity and equality can be used as synonyms.
相似文献
Walter BlockEmail: |