Invisible populations: LGBTQ people and federal health policy in Canada

This article reviews the state of federal health policy discourse toward the LGBTQ population in Canada. Despite the advent of greater attention to diversity and gender mainstreaming in federal public policy and the shift to legalized rights protections for LGBTQ people, symbolized by policies such as same‐sex marriage, LGBTQ health concerns continue to be marginalized in federal health policy. Based on a systematic review of federal policy documents and websites as well as a small number of interviews with federal policy‐makers, the research demonstrates the extent to which LGBTQ health concerns are rendered invisible in federal health policy. The article suggests several ways in which a commitment to gender‐based policy analysis could be expanded to take account of diverse health needs of LGBTQ Canadians.     

Comparing employment policy governance regimes in Canada and the European Union

This article assesses the performance of Canada's employment policy governance regime post‐1996 by explicitly comparing Canadian approaches to those used in the European Union (EU) through the open method of coordination (OMC). It concludes that Canada has moved so far along the decentralization continuum — with 13 provincial systems as well as a federal‐only system in place — that coordination, coherence, mutual learning and information sharing on a pan‐Canadian basis have been lost. While EU OMC approaches hold promise, to be realized stakeholders would need to become more engaged in the policy domain and provinces, rather than the federal government, must take the initiative for enhanced coordination.     

The bureaucracy and public policy: Canadian merger policy and the Combines Branch, 1960–71

Abstract. This paper investigates the implications for public policy in general and merger sections of the Combines Act in particular of the hypothesis that bureaus, when carrying out their administrative duties, attempt to maximize their private utility functions rather than the social utility function expressed in the legislation. The analytical procedure, given alternative utility goals of power, prestige, convenience, and security and the appropriate constraints, is to predict the behaviour of the Combines Branch (from 1960–71) and to test these predictions against actual Branch behaviour. The evidence on the Branch's behaviour (all cases prosecuted and discontinued) suggests that its conduct can be better explained by security maximization than by any alternative private or altruistic goal. However, it is not clear that this was a bad thing for public policy because it can be argued that the Branch's behaviour brought public policy in this area closer to the social welfare function implied in the legislation than would have been the case if the government had successfully maximized its private utility function. Sommaire. L'auteur de cet exposé enquête sur les implications, pour la politique publique en général et les articles sur le fusionnement de la loi sur les coalitions en particulier, de l'hypothèse suivant laquelle es bureaux, dans l'exercice de leurs responsabilités administratives, essaient de maximiser leurs fonctions privées plutôt que leur fonction sociale, telle qu'elle est indiquée dans la législation. La procédure analytique, étant donné le choix des buts: pouvoirs, prestige, commodité et sécurité, avec Ies limites appropriées, consiste à prédire le comportement du service chargé des coalitions (de 1965 à 1971) et à vérifier ces prédictions à la lumière de son comportement réel. Les faits relatifs au comportement de ce service (tous les cas amenés en justice et ceux qui ont été abondonnés) indiquent qu'il s'explique plus par une maximisation de la sécurité que par tout autre motif privé ou altruiste. Il ne semble pas cependant que cela ait été néfaste à la politique publique parce que l'on peut argumenter que le comportement du service a fait jouer à la politique publique un rôle plus orienté vers le bien-être social, comme cela était sous-entendu dam la législation, que ce n'aurait été le cas si le gouvernement avait maximisé avec succès sa fonction privée.     

Enduring,ephemeral and emerging issues in public administration in Canada: Trends in Canadian Public Administration over fifty years (1958–2007)

Abstract: This issue of Canadian Public Administration marks two landmarks. It is the 50th anniversary issue of the Journal, and it is the last issue to be published by the Institute of Public Administration of Canada. For this issue, we have not produced a “special issue” in the sense of commissioning particular articles. Instead, we have brought together a number of articles that were already in the “pipeline” but that the editors thought made a particular contribution to public administration in Canada. This introductory article, or editor's review, is a retrospective analysis of the content of the Journal. It would appear that while there has been a slight shift towards public policy and a greater concern with provincial and local administration, cpa has maintained an enduring interest in its core areas of administrative theory and political and legal institutions. The content is also compared with findings of the content of other journals and also other analyses of cpa . This review is followed by commentaries by former editors and associate editors on their experiences with the Journal.     

With whom the tolls dwell: the great Edmonton telephone dispute, 1984–1987

Abstract: The relative weakness of Canadian municipalities in their bargaining positions with central governments may, in certain circumstances, be effectively short-circuited. In this case study of the 1984 attempt by the City of Edmonton to garner a larger portion of long distance tolls for its municipally owned telephone system from the provincial monopoly, it is demonstrated that a well-developed civic campaign rooted in a strategic concept of gamesmanship can outflank constitutionally defined institutional impotence. What risks must be taken and how they can be moderated are considered. The lesson is that, as in any campaign, both tactics and strategy must be clearly defined, understood and adhered to for a winning scenario to result. Sommaire: La faiblesse relative des municipalités canadiennes quand elles négocient avec les gouvernements centraux peut, dans certains cas, être court-circuitée de facon efficace. Dans cette étude, qui porte sur les tentatives qu'a faites en 1984 la Ville d'Edmonton pour détourner vers son propre système de téléphone une part importante des communications inter-urbaines relevant de l'autorité d'un monopole d'Etat montre qu'une campagne municipale bien orchestrée et se fondant sur le concept stratégique de la victoire peut déjouer l'inefficacité institutionnelle érigée en système. On se penche ici sur les risques qu'il faut prendre et sur les moyens de les réduire. Comme pour toute campagne, la leçon qu'on tire est qu'il faut que les tactiques et la stratégie soient clairement définies pour être comprises et qu'il faut s'en tenir à elles si l'on veut sortir vainqueurs. I am delighted to be here this morning to announce to you that we have won our fair share. — Edmonton Mayor Laurence Decore, 2 March 1987     

Implementing multicultural policy: an analysis of the heritage language program, 1971–1981

While O'Bryan and associates carried out a good comprehensive national survey in the 1970s of non-official language use in Canada, such a major study rum needs to be done in the 1980s as well. Such a new update could use more sophisticated methods of analysis, to ensure greater penetration into the quality of language comprehension and use.     

The Economic Council of Canada: Its establishment,structure, and role in the Canadian policy-making system, 1963–74

Abstract. This is the first of three articles on the Economic Council of Canada. It attempts to cover the establishment, structure, and functioning of the Council between 1963 and 1974 in a consistent and comprehensive manner. It also deals with the approaches and influence of three chairmen of the Council. The ‘primary tasks’ of the agency influence the selection of its senior personnel. Each chairman has influenced the performance of the Council in a manner consistent with his previous research and policy-making experiences. Given the lack of clarity in defining the Council's role at its establishment, this study of career development within the system has been most helpful in deducing the primary roles performed by the Council. The second article deals at greater length with the Council's roles in relation to external research and policy-making agencies. It is a more analytical paper than the first and isolates several potential roles which the Council was expected to perform. It shows how effective performance of these roles has required different interorganizational strategies with respect to the Council's relationship with various influential organizations and governmental agencies including the cabinet and Parliament. The third article deals with the problem of goals-formulation, given the fact that the Council at different points in time has grappled with the problem of articulating or quantifying ‘performance goals,’‘achievement goals,’ and ‘performance indicators.’ All three articles deal with different aspects of the Council's role in the Canadian policy-making system. They present important perspectives on comparative public-policy-making. Sommaire. Cet article est le premier d'une série de trois sur le Conseil économique du Canada. Il essaie de traiter de façon complète et logique de la création de la structure et du fonctionnement du Conseil entre 1963 et 1974. Il s'occupe également des attitudes et de l'influence des trois présidents du Conseil. Les responsabilités premières de l'agence ont un effet sur le choix des cadres supérieurs. Chaque président a influencé les performances du Conseil dans le sens de ses recherches et de ses choix de politiques antérieures. Le rôle du Conseil ayant été défini peu clairement à sa création, cette étude du développement des carrières au sein du système est très utile pour en dégager les rôes principaux. Le second article traite plus en détail des rôles jouks par le Conseil vis à vis de la recherche extérieure et des organismes qui déterminent les politiques. C'est un exposé plus analytique que le premier qui dégage différents rôles potentiels que l'on attendait du Conseil. Il montre comment leur exécution efficace demandait des stratégies inter-organisationnelles différentes, quant au rapport du Conseil avec des organisations influentes et des organismes gouvernementaux, dont le Cabinet et le Parlement. Le troisième article s'occupe du problème de la formulation des objectifs étant donné que le Conseil, à différentes époques, s'est attaqué au problème de l'élaboration de la quantification des « buts de performance «, des « objectifs à réaliser « et des « indicateurs de performance «. Ces trois articles traitent de différents aspects du rôle du Conseil dans le système canadien de détermination des politiques. Ils presentent des perspectives interessantes sur la prise de decision de politique publique de façon comparative.     

Employment equity in Canada: Making sense of employee discourses of misunderstanding,resistance, and support

Employment equity initiatives – redressing past inequities or discrimination by promoting the hiring of members of underrepresented groups – are controversial and divisive. Although a national Gallup poll (1993) indicated 74 % of Canadians felt a person's qualifications should solely determine hiring decisions, many have little knowledge and understanding of the issue. Adopting a discourse analytic framework, this research explores employees’ understandings and perceptions of an employment equity initiative in a mid‐sized Canadian organization. Employment equity was seen as problematic and not well understood, and individuals eligible for employment equity initiatives were marginalized. This study contributes to identifying the misunderstandings and underlying sources of tensions with employment equity principles, legislation and administrative regimes.     

Racial inequality in employment in Canada: Empirical analysis and emerging trends

Abstract: This article examines racial discrimination in employment in Canada using data from a sample of legal cases that were published in the Canadian Human Rights Reporter between 1980 and 1999. The authors discuss some theoretical perspectives on racial discrimination, briefly review empirical studies on the topic, examine the nature of and trends in such employment discrimination cases over the two decades, and provide an in‐depth discussion and analysis of selected legal cases on racial discrimination in Canada. After some concluding remarks, policy recommendations to combat racial discrimination in the workplace are suggested. Sommaire: Le présent article examine la discrimination raciale en matière d'emploi au Canada à l'aide de données d'un échantillon de causes judiciaires qui ont été publiées dans le Canadian Human Rights Reporter de 1980 à 1999. Les auteurs discutent de certaines perspectives théoriques sur la discrimination raciale, passent brièvement en revue les études empiriques sur le sujet, examinent la nature et les tendances de tels cas de discrimination en matière d'emploi au cours des deux décennies, et fournissent une discussion et analyse approfondie de causes judiciaires sélectionnées portant sur la discrimination raciale au Canada. En conclusion, ils proposent des recommandations de politiques pour combattre la discrimination raciale dans le lieu de travail     

Performance measurement in Canadian employment service delivery, 1996‐2000

This article draws on the theoretical insights of Foucauldian governmentality scholarship to analyze a performance measurement system developed by the federal government in the 1990s to assess employment services for the unemployed. An examination of Human Resource Development Canada's Results‐Based Accountability Framework yields insights into contestation and incoherence in performance measurement, often overlooked in governmentality research. This argument is developed by detailing three obstacles to implementing the performance measurement system: dilemmas of technical coordination, contestation by actors invested in different terms of measurement, and widespread recognition of the ambiguities of the performance data. The paper concludes by calling for more variegated accounts of governance in governmentality scholarship.     

Street‐level bureaucrats,policy learning,and refugee resettlement: The case of Syrian refugees in Saskatoon,Canada

In late 2015 and early 2016, the Canadian government resettled 25,000 Syrian refugees within roughly a three‐month period. This initiative brought a much higher number of refugees to Canada than are usually accepted in that time frame and put pressure on the resettlement system. This article focuses on policy learning on the part of street‐level bureaucrats—employees of the organizations that do the work of resettling Government Assisted Refugees at the community level—and how they dealt with the pressure created by this situation. The findings indicate that the Syrian initiative exposed weaknesses in the existing system and created new obstacles with which street‐level bureaucrats working for Service Provider Organizations (SPOs) had to contend. Presented with an overwhelming strain on the system, street‐level bureaucrats at Saskatoon SPOs performed a real‐time evaluation of the system in which they work and devised solutions to issues as they arose.     

Some problems with peacetime price controls: The case of the Board of Commerce of Canada, 1919–20

Abstract. Given the current interest in various forms of a prices review board, it may be instructive to consider the case of the Board of Commerce of Canada, appointed to serve a similar purpose in 1919. During its fifteen months of operation, the board's efforts to limit price increases were largely ineffective. Factors limiting the board's effectiveness included the less-than-wholehearted support of the federal government for a program of price and profit controls, the sympathies of the board members for the interests of the business community, staff shortages caused by a feud with the Civil Service Commission, and international developments which affected the performance of the Canadian economy. Sommaire. Etant donné que l'on envisage actuellement, sous des formes variées, la création dune commission de contrôle des prix, il pourrait être intéressant de reconsidérer le cas du Conseil du commerce du Canada, nommé en 1919, dans le même but. Au cours de ses quinze mois d'existence, les efforts du Conseil en vue de limiter les augmentations de prix ont généralement échoué. Parmi les facteurs qui ont nui à son efficacité, on peut citer le manque d'enthousiasme du gouvernement fédéral pour un programme de contrôle des prix et des bénéfices, les sympathies de ses membres pour les intérêts du monde des affaires, le manque de personnel dûà une querelle avec la Commission de la fonction publique et les développements internationaux qui eurent une influence sur le comportement de l'économie canadienne.     

The Treasury Board of Canada and its clients: five years of change and administrative reform 1966–71

Abstract. It is ten years since the Glassco Commission called for a drastic reduction in the numbers and in the scope of the administrative controls exercised on the departments of the federal government by the Treasury Board. But the Glassco slogan ‘Let the managers manage’ is not subtle enough to cope with the delicate question of how to give the maximum managerial freedom to departments while retaining for the Treasury Board enough supervision to satisfy the constitutional principle that the Cabinet is collectively responsible for the policies and administration of each department. The Treasury Board is trying to solve the problem by working out guidelines and audit mechanisms to take the place of rules and regulations in administrative life. While this is going on the Board has had to adjust to the emergence since 1968 of the Committee on Priorities and Planning as the senior cabinet committee on broad expenditure policies. At the same time collective bargaining, new budgeting systems and the bilingualism program have wrought great changes in bureaucratic life. The ‘clients’ of the Board, the operating departments, welcome most of the changes but feel that the delivery of the promised reforms is far too slow. Sommaire. Il y a dix am que la Commission Glassco a recommandé une réduction importante du nombre et de I'envergure des contrôles administratifs exercés sur les départements du gouvemement fédéral par le Conseil du Trésor. Mais la devise Glassco, “La gérance aux gérants”, ne s'est pas révélée assez subtile pour donner la plus grande liberté de gérance aux départements tout en conser-vant pour le Conseil assez de pouvoir de surveillance pour se conformer au principe constitutionnel selon lequel le Cabinet est responsable des politiques et de l'administration de chaque département. Le Conseil du Trésor essaie de régler ce problème en établissant des directives et des façons de vérifier qui prendraient la place des règles et des ordonnances de la vie administrative. Pendant ce temps, le Conseil du Trésor a dû s'habituer, depuis 1968, à une nouvelle réalité:depuis ce temps, en effet, le Comité des Priorités et de la Planification est devenu le principal comité du Cabinet en ce qui a trait aux dépenses importantes. Ceci, alors même que les conventions collectives, de nouvelles façons d'établir le budget et le programme du bilinguisme apportaient des changements importants dans la bureaucratie. Les “clients” du Conseil du Trésor, c'est-à-dire les départements, accueilIent d'un bon oeiI la plupart des changements mais croient que la mise en euvre des réfonnes préuves est beaucoup trop lente.     

Does public opinion matter? The adoption of federal royal commission and task force recommendations on the national question, 1951–1987

Abstract: Existing research in the field of Canadian public administration reveals relatively little about the presumed linkage between royal commissions and mass-level attitudes on the one hand, and government policy-making on the other. Focusing on the case of federal royal commission and task force recommendations in the fields of cultural and economic nationalism, this paper questions the extent to which such recommendations coincide with the results of national public opinion surveys and with federal public policy decisions. In general, mass-level attitudes are found to parallel nationalist commission proposals but to be somewhat divided. The relatively continentalist orientation of elite attitudes seems to better explain federal policy initiatives in the period 1951 through 1987. Sommaire: Au Canada, les recherches dont on dispose dans le domaine de l'administration publique révèlent bien peu sur le lien qui est censé exister entre les commissions royales et l'attitude de la population dune part, et les décisions du gouvernement en matière de politiques d'autre part. Dans cet article, I'auteur s'appuie surtout sur les recommandations de la commission royale d'enquête et du groupe de travail dans le secteur du nationalisme économique et culturel pour se demander jusqu‘à quel point ces recommandations correspondent aux résultats des sondages d'opinion effectués auprès du public et aux décisions prises par le gouvernement fédéral en matière de politique publique. En général, on se rend compte que les opinions de la population sont identiques aux propositions nationa-listes que formule la commission, bien qu'elles soient légèrement partagées. Les tendances relativement “continentales” de l’élite semblent mieux expliquer les mesures prises par le gouvernement fédéral de 1951 à 1987.     

Suspension,not expungement: Rationalizing misguided policy decisions around cannabis amnesty in Canada

Hundreds of thousands of Canadians continue to carry the burden of convictions for minor possession of cannabis obtained prior to legalization. Despite support for an automatic expungement process to eliminate the collateral consequences of punishment, the Trudeau government opted for a less favourable policy instrument – record suspensions. Drawing from parliamentary debate and committee hearings, the author summarizes the discussion and debate on Bill C‐93 and analyzes this misguided decision using Miljan’s work on policy instrument choice and rationality. The emphasis on bureaucratic rationality specifically resulted in a maintenance of the status quo when it comes to criminal justice policy and an uninspiring approach to cannabis amnesty in Canada.     

The quiet crisis and the emergence of La Relève: A study of crisis perception and executive leadership within the Canadian federal public service, 1997–2002

Abstract: In 1997, then‐clerk of the Privy Council Jocelyne Bourgon reported to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien that a “quiet crisis” existed within the ranks of the federal public service. After years of restraint, privatization, deregulation, downsizing, pay freezes, salary cutbacks, hiring moratoriums and staff reductions, the clerk reported that the members of the public service were suffering from a crisis of identity and purpose. To address this problem, the Privy Council Office launched La Relève, a program of crisis management designed to resolve the immediate tensions faced by the public service and to promote the renewal and rejuvenation of the public service at the beginning of the 21st century as it dealt with a variety of mega‐trends affecting public‐service delivery. La Relève marked the beginning of a decade of close attention to human resource management within the federal public service. But was there actually a crisis within the federal government in 1997? Using in‐depth interviews with a wide variety of senior public‐service insiders, this article explores three schools of thought found in Ottawa respecting “the crisis” and assesses the use of crisis management in this case for framing public‐sector modernization policy. Sommaire: En 1997, Jocelyne Bourgon, alors greffière du Conseil privé, signalait au Premier ministre Jean Chrétien qu'il existait une «crise silencieuse» au sein de la fonction publique fédérale. Après des années de restriction, de privatisation, de déréglementation, de compression d'effectifs, de gel des salaires, de réductions de salaires, de suspension du recrutement et de réductions d'effectifs, la greffière signalait que les membres de la fonction publique souffraient d'une crise d'identité et de raison d'être. Pour s'attaquer à ce problème, le Bureau du Conseil privé a lancé La Relève, programme de gestion de crise conçu pour résoudre les tensions immédiates auxquelles faisait face la fonction publique et pour promouvoir le renouveau et le rajeunissement de cette dernière au début du XXI^e siècle alors qu'elle subissait diverses tendances majeures qui exerçaient une influence sur la prestation des services publics. La Relève a marqué le début d'une décennie au cours de laquelle on a porté une grande attention à la gestion des ressources humaines au sein de la fonction publique fédérale. Mais est‐ce qu'une crise régnait véritablement au sein du gouvernement fédéral en 1997? Grâce à des entrevues approfondies avec une grande variété de hauts fonctionnaires, le présent article examine trois écoles de pensée prévalant à Ottawa au sujet de «la crise», et évalue l'utilisation de la gestion de crise dans ce cas pour formuler une politique de modernisation du secteur public.     

The role of citizens in the “soft law” of select social policy areas in Canada and the European Union

This article compares the role of citizens in public reporting exercises of Canada's National Child Benefit and health care service delivery to that of the European Union's open method of coordination (OMC) for social protection and social inclusion. It finds that the institutional infrastructure providing for coordination across social policy areas and possible roles for non‐governmental actors in policy development is more extensive in the OMC than in the “new modes of governance” in Canada. However, there are obstacles to developing such infrastructure in Canada, given the different histories and political contexts of the European community and the functioning of federalism in Canada.