农村公共品投资满意度影响因素分析——基于西北五省农户的调查

农村公共品投资满意度能够客观反映农民需求的满足程度和社会福利水平。农村公共品投资农民满意度研究的目标就是促使政府将工作重点放在体察农民的公共需求及其变化方面。对于农民个体而言,只有农民认为有用的公共品,才是有效率的。本文利用西北五省40个县（市）的实地调研数据,采用因子分析法和二元离散选择模型,对农村公共品投资满意度影响因素进行了实证研究,结果表明,农民满意度的影响主要来自道路、基础教育、医疗、农田水利设施、饮水设施、公共品供给农民参与情况、农民对村委会的评价、农民对政府的评价等;农民对农村公共品的需求具有一定的层次性和阶段性,而农民满意度根据其需求状况具有一定的次序性。     

项目制与农村公共品供给体制分析——以农地整治为例

税费改革之后,农村公共品主要采取项目制的供给方式。考察农地整治项目实施过程发现,项目制具有较强的"技术理性"特征,在向下"委托"项目时,项目管理技术能够较好地解决项目"监督"问题,但却陷入对"代理人"的"激励"不足困局。当地方政府和基层组织不能被调动起来参与解决农地整治过程中出现的治理问题时,就会发生项目"进村"困境,造成国家供给农村公共品的"最后一公里"难题。为了提高农村公共品供给效率,可以借资源输入激活基层民主,通过引入"自下而上决策机制"来优化公共品供给体制。     

农村公共文化服务的农民自主供给

相比较于政府主导、市场化、合作化以及农村社区外主体供给等供给模式,农民自主供给更能契合农村经济与社会发展的需要。只是农民自主供给亦存在供给行为的可持续性难以保证以及"集体行动困境"等问题。而农村社会资本的信任、规范以及互惠特质一定程度上可以帮助农民走出"集体行动困境",且能有效降低他们自主供给的成本。因此,发掘农村传统社会资本"正能量",重塑农民公共精神以及推进农民自组织建设,以提升农民自主供给的效率,将成为推动农村公共文化服务体系建设的可行选择。     

安徽新农村建设中的公共品供给制度创新

农村公共品是影响农业、农村发展和农民收入的关键因素之一。文章通过分析目前安徽农村公共品供给现状和原因,提出增加农村公共品的有效供给的关键是进行农村公共品供给制度的创新,构建新型农村公共品供给体系。     

建设新农村背景下的农村公共品供给探析——以宁波市北仑区东山门村(A村)为例

在建设新农村的过程中,中央和地方各级政府先后出台了不少惠农政策,其中农村公共品供给问题是一项基础性工程。在对农村公共品供给的实证考察的基础上,结合相关理论研究和东南沿海地区农村公共品供给现状,着重从农民实际需要出发,提出了相应对策,期望能够促进农村公共品的合理配置。     

农村公共品供给：市场失灵与政府责任

农村公共品除了具有公共品的一般属性外,还具有其特殊性。政府作为社会公众的代理机构,是公共品供给的主体,应承担提供农村公共品的责任。无论是生态保护型、公共服务型的纯公共品供给,还是社会保障型、经济发展型的准公共品供给,都存在市场失灵现象,都需要政府参与,承担起主导性责任。     

如何解决农民“贷款难”?

农村金融问题的核心在于农民"贷款难",学术界普遍把研究的重心集中在农村金融供给和农户借贷行为特征上,主要是认为农村金融体制安排不合理所致。一、中国农村金融问题现状及成因分析(一)中国农村金融现状1.农村正规金融供给不足。中国农村正规金融组织体系正在逐步建立,但尚     

县级政府公共服务供给的公众满意度测评——基于云南省开远市较大样本的实证数据研究

县级政府是公共服务供给的直接主体,通过社会公众满意度的测评可以对县级政府公共服务供给水平和供给能力做出评价.通过典型样本的实证研究表明:当前县级政府公共服务供给的公众满意度并不令人满意,政府应当在着力保证生存指向类公共服务的坚实基础上,实现发展指向类以及保障指向类公共服务的综合供给；政府在当前应当实行偏农村的发展战略以期实现社会的综合平衡发展.在服务型政府的构建当中,相比社会与公众而言,政府仍然是关键性因素.     

村庄公共品供给中的“好混混”

1990年代以后,两湖平原村庄中出现了好混混。好混混的出现源于村庄公共品供给的困境。乡村组织难以抑制公共品供给中的搭便车行为,村庄公共品合作常常因此难以达成。好混混则可以依靠暴力和暴力威胁遏制搭便车行为,维系村庄公共品合作和供给,他们的好由此体现出来。取消农业税后,乡村组织的公共品供给能力更加弱化,农民因此对好混混的需求更甚。好混混这一怪异现象,反映了国家权力在基层社会存在局部不足。     

民主参与、社会资本与农村公共服务供给满意度——基于全国10省95县(市、区)数据的实证分析

基于10省95县(市、区)的实证分析结果显示:民主参与与农村公共服务满意度之间有显著的负向相关;而社会资本对农村公共服务满意度具有显著的正向影响。具体而言,在民主参与方面,公民主动接触和政府回应均负向影响农户的公共服务满意度,影响程度相当。经过调研发现,此现象的原因是政民之间的沟通渠道不畅,农民难以和政府官员直接接触,政府未及时向民众作出应答。在社会资本方面,活动参与、社区安全感、社区信任均正向影响农村公共服务满意度,其中社区安全感的影响程度最大,活动参与在一定程度上影响农村公共服务满意度,社区信任影响度最小。另外,农户年龄对农村公共服务满意度也有一定的正向影响。     

提升乡镇政府公共产品供给能力与乡镇政府改革

我国农村公共产品供给的现状不容乐观,存在着供给短缺,供给有失公平,供给效率和质量低下等问题。应通过乡镇机构改革,提升乡镇政府提供公共产品能力。     

社会主义新农村建设中的政府能力——公共产品的视角

社会主义新农村建设是我国现代化的一个关键环节.从一定意义上说,社会主义新农村的建设过程就是农村公共产品供给效率的改善及供给结构的优化过程.从公共产品的视角出发,有利于深入探讨社会主义新农村建设中政府能力的本质、问题与成因,政府与乡村自组织的关系等重要方面.我们认为,政府是农村公共产品的主要责任者,政府供给农村公共产品的程度与质量是政府能力的重要表现;农民的自组织化是提高农村公共产品供给效率及促进基层民主发展的内在要求;厘清政府与乡村自组织的关系是社会主义新农村建设的应有之义.推进社会主义新农村建设,要求政府既能够承担农村公共产品的供给责任,又能够在公共产品供给中处理好与乡村自组织的关系,为此,应当划分好政府在农村公共产品供给中的责任;改革乡村治理结构,提升基层政府的能力;培育农村自治组织,提高农村公共产品的供给效率;处理好政府与农村自组织的关系,促进农村基层民主的发展.     

Reforming Service Delivery in China: The Emergence of a Social Innovation Model

In this paper, I find that the political economy of public goods provision by the local government in Shanghai influenced the decision to transition from the existing public service delivery model based on residency, to a social innovation model where the government contracts with non-profits and private firms to provide services at lower costs and experiment with different levels of provision (购买服务). Contracting also forms a bridge between old governance models and new ones, which potentially allow for a process of administrative modernization without social instability. Contracting for public-goods provision is increasing in prevalence not only in Shanghai but also in many other provinces, and is professionalizing participating organizations and providing public goods to vulnerable populations. While this practice is not yet increasing non-profit participation in the policy process, the creation of access channels that are currently operating solely in one direction may at some future date allow groups to participate in relevant policy areas. Contracting public goods might have the potential of significant effects beyond the term of the contract by increasing pluralism in local public policy and generating more demand for transparency and accountability of government services. As such, this is an interesting bellwether for future political change in China.     

城市居民住房满意度及其影响因素

让居民对其住房感到满意是建设和谐社会的一项重要内容。与一般商品的消费不同,居民对其住房满意与否不仅涉及到住房的品质和价格,还涉及到与此相关的外部环境,如小区环境、物业管理以及配套设施等因素。基于"适当性-重要性加权"模型,本研究从一个较为全面的视角探讨了城镇居民住房满意度水平的影响因素。研究发现:(1)住房的面积、住房的品质、小区环境以及物业管理等因素对居民住房满意度有着显著的影响。不过,这些因素的影响不及居民的家庭成员人数和对经济负担的主观感受等因素,更不及住房相关的公共配套设施对居民住房满意度的影响;(2)公共配套设施因素中的次类因素,如基础教育、医疗卫生以及生活服务设施等,对居民的住房满意度都有显著的影响。     

Government and growth: Cross-sectional evidence

Economic theory suggests that government contributes to total economic growth in two ways: positively, through the provision of Pigovian public goods and services; and negatively, through the inefficient provision of such goods and services and the distortionary effects attendant with their provision. This paper develops a model that differentiates the two effects and empirically tests the model for a sample of forty-eight countries. Evidence suggests that the net effect of government on growth is positive, but that the negative effects are not insignificant. Though growth in government output contributes to total economic growth, at the margin this is approximately offset by distortionary effects attendant with increases in the relative size of government.     

Informal Accountability, Socially Embedded Officials, and Public Goods Provision in Rural China: The Role of Lineage Groups

In recent studies, analysts have found that so-called “informal accountability” exerts significant influence on public goods provision in rural China. According to these studies, such informal accountability may be formed through the embedment of local officials in social groups. However, there seems to be no agreement on the identification of such embedment and the conditions under which this embedment can influence public goods provision. To advance the literature of this debate, this study examines village officials who are embedded in such social groups as lineage groups and explores their role in shaping public goods provision in rural China based on a unique set of nationwide-survey data. Using a direct measure of social embeddedness of village officials, we have found that the embedment of village officials in a social group can be identified through a direct measure designed in this study and that the embedment has a positive effect on public goods provision in rural China. Finally, we draw some important policy implications from our findings.     

Innovations in the provision of public goods and services

Current efforts at administrative reform in both developed and developing countries have invariably focused on the critical issue of provision of public goods and services. The accumulated experience and attendant innovations are therefore vast. Few attempts have been made to pull this experience together and draw salient features which might be of use to newcomers to the task of improving provision of public goods and services. This article draws on a panel of experts and government officials convened by the author who have reflected and/or experimented with innovative approaches to public good and service provision. After discussing the role of the state, market and civil society relative to public goods and services, the article lays out a set of basic institutional options for innovations in provision. The article concludes with some strategic considerations on the sequencing of steps to achieve successful market-based innovations in the provision of public goods and services in the context of the minimalist and the strong but restrained state. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“乡政村治”治理架构的优化探析

新时期中国“乡政村治”体制是国家在市场经济背景下封农民个人权利承认和保护的制度性承诺,是一种基于市场、民主和法制理念的新的行政管理结构和乡村治理方式,它标志着国家行政权与乡村自治权的相对分离、国家与社会的边界的重新确定,对国家民主建设意义也特别重大。但从实践层面上看,“乡政村治”运行中也暴露了不少矛盾与问题,调整和完善农村治理架构显得刻不容缓。因此,本文着重分析“乡政村治”治理架构下的体制缺憾与运行中存在的偏差,并提出制度完善与体制优化的建议。     

农村公共产品的有效供给与政府职能转变

农村公共产品是具有非竞争性和非排他性、用于满足农村公共需要的产品。现阶段,我国农村公共产品供给的现状不容乐观,存在着供给总量不足、供给结构失调、供给机制有失公平和供给监督管理体制缺失等问题。本文在分析农村公共产品供给不足的症结———政府职能的“错位”、“缺位”和“越位”的基础上,提出了转变政府职能,确保农村公共产品的有效供给的对策和措施。     

Reassessing Privatization Strategies 25 Years Later: Revisiting Perry and Babitsky's Comparative Performance Study of Urban Bus Transit Services

Privatization appeals to citizen and politician desires for more cost-effective methods of service delivery. For this reason, it is important for public administrators to know when gains can be made by contracting out or privatizing services and when it is better to keep service provision in house. This article assesses the viability of contracting out and privatization of transit services. Following up on the 1986 work of James Perry and Timlynn Babitsky, which used data from the early 1980s, the authors revisit whether certain service delivery arrangements are more efficient and effective than others in the provision of transit services. Twenty-five years later, they find results similar to those of Perry and Babitsky's original study. Neither the type of government nor whether an agency contracts out has much impact on the efficiency and performance of urban bus services. The main difference between the two studies is that private transit agencies are no longer more efficient or effective than public providers.